On the importance of fundamental computational fluid dynamics toward a robust and reliable model of left atrial flows

IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI:10.1002/cnm.3804
Ehsan Khalili, Cécile Daversin-Catty, Andy L. Olivares, Jordi Mill, Oscar Camara, Kristian Valen-Sendstad
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Abstract

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies of left atrial flows have reached a sophisticated level, for example, revealing plausible relationships between hemodynamics and stresses with atrial fibrillation. However, little focus has been on fundamental fluid modeling of LA flows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatiotemporal convergence, along with the differences between high- (HR) versus normal-resolution/accuracy (NR) solution strategies, respectively. Rigid wall CFD simulations were conducted on 12 patient-specific left atrial geometries obtained from computed tomography scans, utilizing a second-order accurate and space/time-centered solver. The convergence studies showed an average variability of around 30% and 55% for time averaged wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT), and endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP), even between intermediate spatial and temporal resolutions, in the left atrium (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA), respectively. The comparison between HR and NR simulations showed good correlation in the LA for WSS, RRT, and ECAP ( R 2 > .9 ), but not for OSI ( R 2 = .63 ). However, there were poor correlations in the LAA especially for OSI, RRT, and ECAP ( R 2 = .55, .63, and .61, respectively), except for WSS ( R 2 = .81 ). The errors are comparable to differences previously reported with disease correlations. To robustly predict atrial hemodynamics and stresses, numerical resolutions of 10 M elements (i.e., Δ x = .5 mm) and 10 k time-steps per cycle seem necessary (i.e., one order of magnitude higher than normally used in both space and time). In conclusion, attention to fundamental numerical aspects is essential toward establishing a plausible, robust, and reliable model of LA flows.

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基本计算流体动力学对建立稳健可靠的左心房血流模型的重要性。
对左心房血流的计算流体动力学(CFD)研究已经达到了很高的水平,例如揭示了血流动力学与心房颤动应力之间的合理关系。然而,人们很少关注左心房流动的基本流体模型。本研究的目的是调查时空收敛性,以及高分辨率(HR)和正常分辨率/精度(NR)求解策略之间的差异。利用二阶精确和以空间/时间为中心的求解器,对从计算机断层扫描中获得的 12 个特定患者左心房几何图形进行了刚性壁 CFD 模拟。收敛性研究显示,左心房(LA)和左心房阑尾(LAA)的时间平均壁面剪切应力(WSS)、振荡剪切指数(OSI)、相对停留时间(RRT)和内皮细胞活化电位(ECAP)的平均变异率分别约为 30% 和 55%,即使在中间空间和时间分辨率之间也是如此。HR和NR模拟之间的比较显示,LA的WSS、RRT和ECAP(R 2 > .9 $$ {R}^2>.9 $$)具有良好的相关性,但OSI(R 2 = .63 $$ {R}^2=.63 $$)则没有。然而,LAA 中的相关性较差,尤其是 OSI、RRT 和 ECAP(R 2 = $$ {R}^2= $$.55、.63 和 .61),WSS 除外(R 2 = $$ {R}^2= $$.81)。这些误差与之前报告的疾病相关性差异相当。要稳健地预测心房血流动力学和应力,10 M 个元素的数值分辨率(即 Δ x = ∼ $$ \Delta x=\sim $ .5 mm)和每个周期 10 k 个时间步长似乎是必要的(即在空间和时间上都比通常使用的高一个数量级)。总之,要建立一个可信、稳健、可靠的 LA 流模型,对基本数值方面的关注至关重要。
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来源期刊
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL-MATHEMATICAL & COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
9.50%
发文量
103
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: All differential equation based models for biomedical applications and their novel solutions (using either established numerical methods such as finite difference, finite element and finite volume methods or new numerical methods) are within the scope of this journal. Manuscripts with experimental and analytical themes are also welcome if a component of the paper deals with numerical methods. Special cases that may not involve differential equations such as image processing, meshing and artificial intelligence are within the scope. Any research that is broadly linked to the wellbeing of the human body, either directly or indirectly, is also within the scope of this journal.
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