The Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Public Health

Abstract

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to investigate the applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in public health. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings revealed that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in public health. Preliminary empirical review revealed how GIS facilitates disease mapping and surveillance, improves healthcare access, addresses health disparities, assesses environmental health risks, and aids in understanding the effects of climate change on public health. The findings underscore GIS as a transformative tool, offering valuable insights and solutions for public health practitioners and policymakers striving to improve health outcomes and create more equitable communities in the face of evolving challenges. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI), Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Ecological Systems Theory may be used to anchor future studies on the application of Geographic Information System, (GIS) recommendations made include investing in GIS training for public health professionals, integrating GIS into policymaking, and conducting region-specific research to tailor GIS applications to local contexts. These measures aim to strengthen the capacity of public health agencies, enhance decision-making processes, and develop evidence-based guidelines for the effective use of GIS in public health, ultimately improving health outcomes and equity.