Comprehensive assessment of the extraction of Phyllanthus emblica L. based on the G1-Entropy Method and Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

In this study, the G1-Entropy method was employed together with a response surface methodology (RSM) approach to establish a multi-index-based system for evaluating and optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from Phyllanthus emblica L. Seven chemical classes' contents were evaluated, including TPC (total phenolic content), TC (tannin content), DEY (dry extract yield), GA (gallic acid), CO (corilagin), CA (chebulagic acid), and EA (ellagic acid). The resultant extracts were also assessed for their antioxidant activity, as measured based on their DPPH radical, ABTS⁺, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity levels and their capacity to reduce iron ions. The inhibition of fluorescent AGEs generation was also assessed in BSA-Fru and MGO-BSA model assays to gauge the anti-glycation activity of these extracts. In total, a comprehensive score was derived based on 13 indices and corresponding weight values, with these scores then being used to determine the extraction conditions that yielded the best outcome. Through this strategy, the ideal extraction processing parameters were found to include an ethanol concentration of 56%, a liquid-solid ratio of 8 mL/g, and an extraction duration of 100 min. Using these optimized conditions yielded a predicted comprehensive score (Y) of 94.91, while the response value based on three independent variables from the validation experiments performed using these conditions was 92.03. These results highlight the promise of leveraging Phyllanthus emblica as a resource for use in the cosmetic, food, biochemical, and pharmaceutical industries.