Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100602
Ruiqi Zheng , Xiang Shi , Shaoming Wang
Tamarix laxa Willd. is a vital shrub widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions. It serves as an excellent species for sand-fixing afforestation in saline-alkali and sandy desert lands and has medicinal properties for wind-dispelling and detoxifying. This plant produces two types of seeds: plump and shriveled. However, the effect of seed plumpness on germination has not been extensively studied. In this research, we found that 42 % of the seeds in T. laxa were plump, and 58 % were shriveled. We then investigated how different temperatures, light conditions, salt concentrations, and storage methods affect the germination of these seeds. Shriveled seeds were significantly smaller and had a lower germination percentage compared to plump seeds. T. laxa seeds exhibited a broad adaptability to temperature. Plump seeds showed over 90 % germination at three different temperatures, whereas shriveled seeds had a 57 % germination percentage at 15/30 °C. Continuous darkness significantly reduced the germination percentage for both seed types. Although T. laxa seeds displayed some salt tolerance, high salt concentrations (0.6 mol/L NaCl) markedly decreased their germination percentage. Freshly mature seeds initially had a 99 % germination percentage. However, seeds stored at room temperature for 90 days nearly lost their viability. In contrast, seeds stored at −18 °C for 180 days maintained a germination percentage above 80 %. Low-temperature storage effectively delayed the short-term loss of seed vitality. This study offers comprehensive insights into T. laxa seed germination, providing valuable information for desert restoration efforts.
柽柳是一种重要的灌木，广泛分布于干旱和半干旱地区。它是盐碱地和沙漠沙地固沙造林的优良品种，具有祛风解毒的药用价值。这种植物能结出两种类型的种子：饱满种子和干瘪种子。然而，种子丰满度对发芽的影响尚未得到广泛研究。在这项研究中，我们发现 42% 的 T. laxa 种子是饱满的，58% 是干瘪的。然后，我们研究了不同温度、光照条件、盐浓度和储存方法对这些种子萌发的影响。与饱满的种子相比，干瘪的种子明显更小，发芽率也更低。T. laxa 种子对温度的适应性很强。饱满种子在三种不同温度下的发芽率超过 90%，而干瘪种子在 15/30 °C 下的发芽率为 57%。持续黑暗会明显降低两种种子的发芽率。虽然 T. laxa 种子具有一定的耐盐性，但高浓度盐（0.6 mol/L NaCl）明显降低了其发芽率。刚成熟的种子最初的发芽率为 99%。然而，在室温下储存 90 天的种子几乎失去活力。相比之下，在 -18 °C 下储存 180 天的种子的发芽率仍保持在 80% 以上。低温贮藏有效地延缓了种子活力的短期丧失。这项研究提供了有关 T. laxa 种子萌发的全面见解，为沙漠恢复工作提供了宝贵的信息。
{"title":"Differential germination responses of plump and shriveled seeds to environmental factors and storage conditions in Tamarix laxa Willd.","authors":"Ruiqi Zheng , Xiang Shi , Shaoming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Tamarix laxa</em> Willd. is a vital shrub widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions. It serves as an excellent species for sand-fixing afforestation in saline-alkali and sandy desert lands and has medicinal properties for wind-dispelling and detoxifying. This plant produces two types of seeds: plump and shriveled. However, the effect of seed plumpness on germination has not been extensively studied. In this research, we found that 42 % of the seeds in <em>T. laxa</em> were plump, and 58 % were shriveled. We then investigated how different temperatures, light conditions, salt concentrations, and storage methods affect the germination of these seeds. Shriveled seeds were significantly smaller and had a lower germination percentage compared to plump seeds. <em>T. laxa</em> seeds exhibited a broad adaptability to temperature. Plump seeds showed over 90 % germination at three different temperatures, whereas shriveled seeds had a 57 % germination percentage at 15/30 °C. Continuous darkness significantly reduced the germination percentage for both seed types. Although <em>T. laxa</em> seeds displayed some salt tolerance, high salt concentrations (0.6 mol/L NaCl) markedly decreased their germination percentage. Freshly mature seeds initially had a 99 % germination percentage. However, seeds stored at room temperature for 90 days nearly lost their viability. In contrast, seeds stored at −18 °C for 180 days maintained a germination percentage above 80 %. Low-temperature storage effectively delayed the short-term loss of seed vitality. This study offers comprehensive insights into <em>T. laxa</em> seed germination, providing valuable information for desert restoration efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100601
Mohamed Ben El Caid , Mohamed Lachheb , Khalid Lagram , Xiukang Wang , Mohammed Amine Serghini
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a crop of significant medicinal and economic importance, exhibiting phenotypic plasticity that leads to variable vegetative growth. This three-year multifactorial study evaluated the vegetative potential of various saffron ecotypes under contrasting environments. The results revealed significant effects on shoot sprouting, leaf count, and overall growth, with the ´Tamlakoute´ ecotype (E2) performing best, particularly in the coastal field (CF2). The leaf count increased markedly from 24.9 ± 8.8 in the first year to 188.8 ± 43.9 by the third year, influenced by ecotypes and cultivation fields. In contrast, plant length variations revealed less dependence on ecotypes throughout the different growing seasons. Pearson's correlation analysis showed a weak relationship (r = 0.108, p < 0.004) between the number of shoots per original corm and per progeny corm. This implies a varied trade-off in resource allocation between vegetative growth and corm formation. The principal component analysis highlighted patterns of variations governed by environmental drivers, particularly favoring the E2 ecotype. Performance scoring and ranking, which assigned scores based on vegetative performance across all ecotypes by environment combinations, identified CF2E2 as the highest-ranking performer, followed by CF2E1 and CF2E4, with comprehensive scores of 2.4, 1.3, and 1.1, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of selecting superior ecotypes and coastal environments to promote sustainable saffron cultivation.
{"title":"Ecotypic variation and environmental influence on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) vegetative growth: A multivariate performance analysis","authors":"Mohamed Ben El Caid , Mohamed Lachheb , Khalid Lagram , Xiukang Wang , Mohammed Amine Serghini","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Saffron (<em>Crocus sativus</em> L.) is a crop of significant medicinal and economic importance, exhibiting phenotypic plasticity that leads to variable vegetative growth. This three-year multifactorial study evaluated the vegetative potential of various saffron ecotypes under contrasting environments. The results revealed significant effects on shoot sprouting, leaf count, and overall growth, with the ´Tamlakoute´ ecotype (E2) performing best, particularly in the coastal field (CF2). The leaf count increased markedly from 24.9 ± 8.8 in the first year to 188.8 ± 43.9 by the third year, influenced by ecotypes and cultivation fields. In contrast, plant length variations revealed less dependence on ecotypes throughout the different growing seasons. Pearson's correlation analysis showed a weak relationship (r = 0.108, p < 0.004) between the number of shoots per original corm and per progeny corm. This implies a varied trade-off in resource allocation between vegetative growth and corm formation. The principal component analysis highlighted patterns of variations governed by environmental drivers, particularly favoring the E2 ecotype. Performance scoring and ranking, which assigned scores based on vegetative performance across all ecotypes by environment combinations, identified CF2E2 as the highest-ranking performer, followed by CF2E1 and CF2E4, with comprehensive scores of 2.4, 1.3, and 1.1, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of selecting superior ecotypes and coastal environments to promote sustainable saffron cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100601"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100600
Paula Garcia-Oliveira, Franklin Chamorro, Jesus Simal-Gandara, Miguel A. Prieto, Lucía Cassani
The present study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions (time, temperature, and ethanol concentration) of pressurized-liquid and microwave-assisted extraction (PLE and MAE, respectively) to maximize the recovery of phenolic compounds from Arnica montana flowers. To this aim, response surface methodology (RSM) with an experimental design was applied. The studied variable responses were extraction yield and total phenolic content (TPC), expressed as mg/g of sample dry weight (dw) and mg/g of extract. For PLE, the models showed a good adjusted R2 coefficient (0.75–0.92) and no significant lack of fit. MAE models also showed good adjustment, except for TPC expressed per g of dw, where the model showed a significant lack of fit and was not suitable for optimization. The optimal PLE conditions that maximized all response variables were 11 min, 125 °C and 76 % ethanol in water. For MAE, the optimal conditions were 25 min, 115 °C, and 76 % ethanol. Comparing the predicted values, PLE significantly surpassed MAE in terms of TPC, obtaining 389 compared to 246 mg of total phenolics/g of extract for MAE. Validation experiments confirmed the suitability of the predictive models. In the case of PLE, employing extraction cycles under optimal conditions improved phenolic compound extraction, with three extraction cycles leading to a 104 % increase in TPC. Overall, the optimized PLE protocol was considered an efficient methodology for obtaining rich-phenolic extracts, contributing to the expansion of current industrial applications of A. montana.
{"title":"Enhancing phenolic compounds recovery from Arnica montana L. flowers through optimized green extraction protocols","authors":"Paula Garcia-Oliveira, Franklin Chamorro, Jesus Simal-Gandara, Miguel A. Prieto, Lucía Cassani","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions (time, temperature, and ethanol concentration) of pressurized-liquid and microwave-assisted extraction (PLE and MAE, respectively) to maximize the recovery of phenolic compounds from <em>Arnica montana</em> flowers. To this aim, response surface methodology (RSM) with an experimental design was applied. The studied variable responses were extraction yield and total phenolic content (TPC), expressed as mg/g of sample dry weight (dw) and mg/g of extract. For PLE, the models showed a good adjusted R<sup>2</sup> coefficient (0.75–0.92) and no significant lack of fit. MAE models also showed good adjustment, except for TPC expressed per g of dw, where the model showed a significant lack of fit and was not suitable for optimization. The optimal PLE conditions that maximized all response variables were 11 min, 125 °C and 76 % ethanol in water. For MAE, the optimal conditions were 25 min, 115 °C, and 76 % ethanol. Comparing the predicted values, PLE significantly surpassed MAE in terms of TPC, obtaining 389 compared to 246 mg of total phenolics/g of extract for MAE. Validation experiments confirmed the suitability of the predictive models. In the case of PLE, employing extraction cycles under optimal conditions improved phenolic compound extraction, with three extraction cycles leading to a 104 % increase in TPC. Overall, the optimized PLE protocol was considered an efficient methodology for obtaining rich-phenolic extracts, contributing to the expansion of current industrial applications of <em>A. montana</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thailand has undertaken regulatory reforms to facilitate the cultivation and commercialisation of Cannabis sativa L. for medicinal purposes. The prominent cannabis strain in Thailand is Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan (HRPP), distinguished for its high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. The recent adoption of a biocircular approach within the industry reflects a commitment to minimising losses and enhancing value-added processes. However, there is limited information on biomass generation from the postharvest management of this cannabis strain and the development of value-added products. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a survey of local cannabis farms and evaluating the quantity of cannabis biomass by-product materials resulting from the production process. According to the survey, stems were the most abundant materials followed by leaves and roots. These by-products were subsequently gathered and examined for its chemical components. The results of proximate analysis highlighted that the dried leaves had a high protein content up to 19.27 %, the highest in three types of biomasses. The composition of fat, fibre, ash, and carbohydrates varies depending on the type of biomass. By using sequential extraction, it was found that the extraction yield of pectin in the leaf materials was as high as 13.82 %, and in the stem part, it was at 13.02 %. Meanwhile, cellulose was found in the highest proportion from the roots, at 83.77 %. Confirmation of the composition of polysaccharides using microarray profiling revealed that these biomasses contain various types of polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose). Analysis of bioactive compounds revealed that the total phenolic and total flavonoid content were the highest in the leaf biomass, consisting of 11.57 and 14.91 mg/g DM, respectively. The leaves also had the highest antioxidant activity. Quantitative analysis of the metabolites in the leaves found contents of rosmarinic acid 2.55 mg/g DM, catechin 2.33 mg/g DM, vanillin 2.32 mg/g DM and in the cannabinoid group, the highest quantity of cannabinol (CBN) 2.63 mg/g DM was found. The findings from this study could serve as a guideline for utilising biomass generated from the production process of cannabis that could be used for pharmaceutical, food, and feed purposes.
{"title":"Evaluation of value adding components from postharvest biomass of Thai medicinal cannabis var. Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan","authors":"Piyachat Sunanta , Thanarat Sombat , Jiramet Moaphadungkul , Sirin Chaemthet , Marcus Nagle , Cassie Bakshani , William Willats , Jiraporn Sangta , Sarana Sommano","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thailand has undertaken regulatory reforms to facilitate the cultivation and commercialisation of Cannabis sativa L. for medicinal purposes. The prominent cannabis strain in Thailand is Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan (HRPP), distinguished for its high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. The recent adoption of a biocircular approach within the industry reflects a commitment to minimising losses and enhancing value-added processes. However, there is limited information on biomass generation from the postharvest management of this cannabis strain and the development of value-added products. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a survey of local cannabis farms and evaluating the quantity of cannabis biomass by-product materials resulting from the production process. According to the survey, stems were the most abundant materials followed by leaves and roots. These by-products were subsequently gathered and examined for its chemical components. The results of proximate analysis highlighted that the dried leaves had a high protein content up to 19.27 %, the highest in three types of biomasses. The composition of fat, fibre, ash, and carbohydrates varies depending on the type of biomass. By using sequential extraction, it was found that the extraction yield of pectin in the leaf materials was as high as 13.82 %, and in the stem part, it was at 13.02 %. Meanwhile, cellulose was found in the highest proportion from the roots, at 83.77 %. Confirmation of the composition of polysaccharides using microarray profiling revealed that these biomasses contain various types of polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose). Analysis of bioactive compounds revealed that the total phenolic and total flavonoid content were the highest in the leaf biomass, consisting of 11.57 and 14.91 mg/g DM, respectively. The leaves also had the highest antioxidant activity. Quantitative analysis of the metabolites in the leaves found contents of rosmarinic acid 2.55 mg/g DM, catechin 2.33 mg/g DM, vanillin 2.32 mg/g DM and in the cannabinoid group, the highest quantity of cannabinol (CBN) 2.63 mg/g DM was found. The findings from this study could serve as a guideline for utilising biomass generated from the production process of cannabis that could be used for pharmaceutical, food, and feed purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100599
Mingyu Han , Tao Shen , Yuanzhong Wang
Gentiana rigescens Franch. (GR) is a high-value medicinal plant and is widely used as food additive and beverage. Due to the influence of the environment, the accumulation of active ingredients of GR from different origins varies and produces different brand values, which is of great significance for the certification of the GR origin. This study employs the infrared-spectrum-effect to reflect the differences among different origins. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and data-driven version of SIMCA (DD-SIMCA) models were used to determine origin. The Residual Neural Network (ResNet) model was constructed using two-dimensional correlation spectra (2DCOS) and three-dimensional correlation spectra (3DCOS) to discriminate between different origins. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) was used to screen out environmental variables that have a significant effect on the accumulation of active ingredients. The conclusion is that the ResNet model based on synchronous 2DCOS and 3DCOS has better performance, the accuracy of training and test sets were 100 %.
{"title":"Infrared-spectrum-effect combined with deep learning to predict the origin of Gentiana rigescens Franch.","authors":"Mingyu Han , Tao Shen , Yuanzhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Gentiana rigescens</em> Franch. (GR) is a high-value medicinal plant and is widely used as food additive and beverage. Due to the influence of the environment, the accumulation of active ingredients of GR from different origins varies and produces different brand values, which is of great significance for the certification of the GR origin. This study employs the infrared-spectrum-effect to reflect the differences among different origins. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and data-driven version of SIMCA (DD-SIMCA) models were used to determine origin. The Residual Neural Network (ResNet) model was constructed using two-dimensional correlation spectra (2DCOS) and three-dimensional correlation spectra (3DCOS) to discriminate between different origins. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) was used to screen out environmental variables that have a significant effect on the accumulation of active ingredients. The conclusion is that the ResNet model based on synchronous 2DCOS and 3DCOS has better performance, the accuracy of training and test sets were 100 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100597
Fangyuan Zheng, Jie Yan, Miyi Zhu, Chunlin Ye
The present study was conducted to optimize ultrasound-cellulase synergy extraction (UCSE) process of flavonoids from Astragali complanati Semen (ACS) adopting response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction efficiency of different extraction progress by UCSE under the 240 W and 480 W were compared, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro. The effects of five independent variables (cellulase addition, liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power) on the extraction efficiency were explored, and four major factors (cellulase addition, liquid-solid ratio, extraction temperature and ultrasonic power) showing great influences were chosen to study their interactions by RSM. The relationships between ultrasound power 240 W and 480 W on substrates and cellulase were further explored by scanning electron microscopy and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, respectively. The antioxidant activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS+) were evaluated in vitro. The optimal conditions: cellulase addition 930 U/g, liquid-solid ratio 24 mL/g, extraction time 75 min, extraction temperature 64°C and ultrasonic power 234 W, under the adjusted conditions, the extraction rate was 1.937 g/100 g ACS. Ultrasound power 240 W assisted extraction with cellulase improved the extraction efficiency of the antioxidant. From scanning electron microscopy, the substrate particles were finer and the pores were larger under the function of 240 W, and the enzyme activity test further determined that 480 W could reduce the effect of the cellulase. The UCSE extract exhibited great antioxidant activity in vitro, the IC50 of DPPH is 11.851 µg/mL, and of ABTS+ is 23.426 µg/mL.
本研究采用响应面方法（RSM）对黄芪中黄酮类化合物的超声-纤维素酶协同萃取（UCSE）工艺进行了优化。比较了在 240 W 和 480 W 下 UCSE 不同萃取工艺的萃取效率，并对其抗氧化活性进行了体外评价。探讨了五个自变量（纤维素酶添加量、液固比、萃取时间、萃取温度和超声功率）对萃取效率的影响，并选择了影响较大的四个主要因素（纤维素酶添加量、液固比、萃取温度和超声功率），利用 RSM 研究了它们之间的相互作用。通过扫描电子显微镜和 3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法分别进一步探讨了超声功率 240 W 和 480 W 与基质和纤维素酶之间的关系。体外评估了纤维素酶对 1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基（DPPH）和 2,2′-偶氮双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）自由基（ABTS+）的抗氧化活性。最佳条件：纤维素酶添加量 930 U/g，液固比 24 mL/g，萃取时间 75 min，萃取温度 64℃，超声功率 234 W。用纤维素酶辅助超声波功率 240 W 的萃取提高了抗氧化剂的萃取效率。从扫描电子显微镜观察，在 240 W 的作用下，基质颗粒更细，孔隙更大，酶活性测试进一步确定 480 W 可以降低纤维素酶的作用。UCSE 提取物在体外具有很强的抗氧化活性，DPPH 的 IC50 为 11.851 µg/mL，ABTS+ 的 IC50 为 23.426 µg/mL。
{"title":"Ultrasound-cellulase synergy for the extraction of total flavonoids from Astragali complanati Semen and its antioxidant properties","authors":"Fangyuan Zheng, Jie Yan, Miyi Zhu, Chunlin Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study was conducted to optimize ultrasound-cellulase synergy extraction (UCSE) process of flavonoids from <em>Astragali complanati</em> Semen (ACS) adopting response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction efficiency of different extraction progress by UCSE under the 240 W and 480 W were compared, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated <em>in vitro</em>. The effects of five independent variables (cellulase addition, liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power) on the extraction efficiency were explored, and four major factors (cellulase addition, liquid-solid ratio, extraction temperature and ultrasonic power) showing great influences were chosen to study their interactions by RSM. The relationships between ultrasound power 240 W and 480 W on substrates and cellulase were further explored by scanning electron microscopy and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, respectively. The antioxidant activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS<sup>+</sup>) were evaluated <em>in vitro</em>. The optimal conditions: cellulase addition 930 U/g, liquid-solid ratio 24 mL/g, extraction time 75 min, extraction temperature 64<sup>°</sup>C and ultrasonic power 234 W, under the adjusted conditions, the extraction rate was 1.937 g/100 g ACS. Ultrasound power 240 W assisted extraction with cellulase improved the extraction efficiency of the antioxidant. From scanning electron microscopy, the substrate particles were finer and the pores were larger under the function of 240 W, and the enzyme activity test further determined that 480 W could reduce the effect of the cellulase. The UCSE extract exhibited great antioxidant activity <em>in vitro,</em> the IC<sub>50</sub> of DPPH is 11.851 µg/mL, and of ABTS<sup>+</sup> is 23.426 µg/mL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100598
Michele Di Nunzio , Maria Pieri , David Gangitano , Ciro Di Nunzio , Nadia Tinto , Massimo Niola , Carme Barrot-Feixat
Cannabis sativa is an important plant for industrial purposes. Indeed, it is legal to cultivate and supply authorized low level Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabis plants for fiber and seeds (i.e., 0.2 % according to the European Union regulation on drugs). Today, chromatography/mass spectrometry-based procedures are successfully applied to determine THC concentration. Unfortunately, when cannabis samples have been degraded because wrongfully stored, toxicological results were affected, altering the final status of legal sample or illegal sample. Rather, genetic identification could give more information about the identity of these plants. For this reason, a degradation study was run to support how genetics can help to detect concordance in cannabis highly-degraded samples. Forty cannabis sub-samples were stored (for one week, two weeks, one month and two months) in auto-sealing bag to assess the effects of a wrong cannabis storage on weight reduction, genomic DNA changes, and corresponding STR profiles. Once respective time-period elapsed, each sub-sample’s weight was measured, the percentage weight loss calculated, and the genomic DNA was extracted and quantified, obtaining a complete STR profile for all samples. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to assess the same 13-loci short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex system used for the degradation experiment and evaluate the power of such markers in the identification and discrimination of highly degraded cannabis samples coming from real cases. The results of this study demonstrated that the 13-loci STR multiplex system successfully achieved the objective both for industry and forensic purposes. For each sample, all 13 loci were amplified, and degraded samples were correctly identified, suggesting that genetic typification could be a useful tool. The proposed procedure could be parallelly applied to toxicology analysis to detect if vegetable sample become from authorized plant, to help courts track back illegal samples or to achieve illegal cannabis genetic profiles for further comparison.
大麻是一种重要的工业用植物。事实上，种植和供应经授权的低浓度Δ9-四氢大麻酚（THC）大麻植物纤维和种子是合法的（即根据欧盟有关毒品的规定为 0.2%）。如今，基于色谱法/质谱法的程序已成功用于确定四氢大麻酚的浓度。遗憾的是，当大麻样本因错误储存而降解时，毒理学结果就会受到影响，从而改变合法样本或非法样本的最终状态。相反，基因鉴定可以提供更多有关这些植物身份的信息。为此，我们开展了一项降解研究，以支持遗传学如何帮助检测高度降解大麻样本中的一致性。将 40 个大麻子样品分别储存在自动密封袋中（一周、两周、一个月和两个月），以评估错误储存对大麻重量减少、基因组 DNA 变化和相应 STR 图谱的影响。各时间段结束后，测量每个子样品的重量，计算减重百分比，提取基因组 DNA 并进行量化，从而获得所有样品的完整 STR 图谱。此外，本研究的目的还在于评估降解实验中使用的 13 个位点短串联重复（STR）多重系统，并评估这些标记在识别和区分来自真实案例的高度降解大麻样本方面的能力。研究结果表明，13 个基因位点 STR 多路复用系统成功实现了工业和法医目的。每个样本的 13 个基因位点都得到了扩增，降解样本也得到了正确鉴定，这表明基因分型可以成为一种有用的工具。建议的程序可同时应用于毒理学分析，以检测蔬菜样本是否来自合法种植的植物，帮助法院追踪非法样本或获得非法大麻基因图谱，以便进一步比较。
{"title":"Leveraging genetics to support forensic toxicology analysis: Demonstrating concordance among marijuana samples","authors":"Michele Di Nunzio , Maria Pieri , David Gangitano , Ciro Di Nunzio , Nadia Tinto , Massimo Niola , Carme Barrot-Feixat","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cannabis sativa</em> is an important plant for industrial purposes. Indeed, it is legal to cultivate and supply authorized low level Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabis plants for fiber and seeds (i.e., 0.2 % according to the European Union regulation on drugs). Today, chromatography/mass spectrometry-based procedures are successfully applied to determine THC concentration. Unfortunately, when cannabis samples have been degraded because wrongfully stored, toxicological results were affected, altering the final status of legal sample or illegal sample. Rather, genetic identification could give more information about the identity of these plants. For this reason, a degradation study was run to support how genetics can help to detect concordance in cannabis highly-degraded samples. Forty cannabis sub-samples were stored (for one week, two weeks, one month and two months) in auto-sealing bag to assess the effects of a wrong cannabis storage on weight reduction, genomic DNA changes, and corresponding STR profiles. Once respective time-period elapsed, each sub-sample’s weight was measured, the percentage weight loss calculated, and the genomic DNA was extracted and quantified, obtaining a complete STR profile for all samples. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to assess the same 13-loci short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex system used for the degradation experiment and evaluate the power of such markers in the identification and discrimination of highly degraded cannabis samples coming from real cases. The results of this study demonstrated that the 13-loci STR multiplex system successfully achieved the objective both for industry and forensic purposes. For each sample, all 13 loci were amplified, and degraded samples were correctly identified, suggesting that genetic typification could be a useful tool. The proposed procedure could be parallelly applied to toxicology analysis to detect if vegetable sample become from authorized plant, to help courts track back illegal samples or to achieve illegal cannabis genetic profiles for further comparison.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100596
Guohua Xia , Yangguang Dai , Jinwei Zhou , Mingjing Zhang , Minjun Wang , Huan Yang , Yuping Shen , Pengfei Yang
Diosgenin (25R-spirost-en-3β-ol; CAS No.: 512–04–9), a plant-derived natural product, has significant importance for manufacturing steroid-based drugs. It is primarily prepared by direct acid hydrolysis, but this out-of-date process is not environmentally friendly. In recent decades, ionic liquids have shown good potential to replace conventional organic solvents in many fields. The aim of this study was to develop a novel approach for diosgenin production, in which the acidic ionic liquid [BHSO3MIm]HSO4 was employed under pressurised conditions to hydrolyse the crude saponin of Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright tubers for the first time. The hydrolysis conditions were optimised through a one-factor-at-a-time experiment, and the maximum yield of diosgenin was achieved at 3.71 ± 0.18 % with an ionic liquid concentration of 0.5 M, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, a hydrolysis temperature of 140°C, and a hydrolysis duration of 0.5 h. The diosgenin yield was 75.67 % of the maximum yield after six consecutive applications of [BHSO3MIm]HSO4. The yield achieved was comparable to pressurised acid hydrolysis and microwave-assisted ionic liquid hydrolysis and significantly higher than that of direct acid hydrolysis (P<0.01). Meanwhile, catalyst consumption was 0.123 mol/g diosgenin, which was much lower than that of microwave-assisted ionic liquid hydrolysis (0.600 mol/g). Moreover, the hydrolysis reaction was completed within 0.5 h, which was only one-third of the conventional pressurized acid hydrolysis. This newly established method has significant merit in hydrolysis duration and is associated with decreased catalyst consumption, and [BHSO3MIm]HSO4 is of good reusability, making it a greener and more economical method for diosgenin preparation.
{"title":"Diosgenin production from Dioscorea zingiberensis tubers by novel pressurized hydrolysis in acidic ionic liquids","authors":"Guohua Xia , Yangguang Dai , Jinwei Zhou , Mingjing Zhang , Minjun Wang , Huan Yang , Yuping Shen , Pengfei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diosgenin (25R-spirost-en-3β-ol; CAS No.: 512–04–9), a plant-derived natural product, has significant importance for manufacturing steroid-based drugs. It is primarily prepared by direct acid hydrolysis, but this out-of-date process is not environmentally friendly. In recent decades, ionic liquids have shown good potential to replace conventional organic solvents in many fields. The aim of this study was to develop a novel approach for diosgenin production, in which the acidic ionic liquid [BHSO<sub>3</sub>MIm]HSO<sub>4</sub> was employed under pressurised conditions to hydrolyse the crude saponin of <em>Dioscorea zingiberensis</em> C. H. Wright tubers for the first time. The hydrolysis conditions were optimised through a one-factor-at-a-time experiment, and the maximum yield of diosgenin was achieved at 3.71 ± 0.18 % with an ionic liquid concentration of 0.5 M, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, a hydrolysis temperature of 140°C, and a hydrolysis duration of 0.5 h. The diosgenin yield was 75.67 % of the maximum yield after six consecutive applications of [BHSO<sub>3</sub>MIm]HSO<sub>4</sub>. The yield achieved was comparable to pressurised acid hydrolysis and microwave-assisted ionic liquid hydrolysis and significantly higher than that of direct acid hydrolysis (<em>P</em><0.01). Meanwhile, catalyst consumption was 0.123 mol/g diosgenin, which was much lower than that of microwave-assisted ionic liquid hydrolysis (0.600 mol/g). Moreover, the hydrolysis reaction was completed within 0.5 h, which was only one-third of the conventional pressurized acid hydrolysis. This newly established method has significant merit in hydrolysis duration and is associated with decreased catalyst consumption, and [BHSO<sub>3</sub>MIm]HSO<sub>4</sub> is of good reusability, making it a greener and more economical method for diosgenin preparation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100596"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Supercritical CO2 extraction was employed to acquire cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) at temperatures ranging from 40 to 60 °C. The highest yields of cannabinoids were achieved under reduced pressure conditions of 200 bar. Ultrasonication pretreatment on hemp seeds prior extraction showed little impact on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Oils extracted from ultrasonically treated hemp seeds exhibited a higher total phenolic content at 200 bar and 50 °C for 3 h compared to treatment at 600 bar and 50 °C for 1 h, correlating with the antioxidant activities. Analysis of the extracted hemp seed oil showed elevated levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid. The extracted hemp seed oils showed polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (PUFAs/SFAs) ratios of 6.58–7.22, n-6/n-3 ratios of 3.96–4.18, and index of atherogenicity (IA) values ranging from 0.07 to 0.09. Thrombogenic potential, reflected by index of thrombogenicity (IT) values, varied between 0.12 and 0.13 in the extracted oils. Hydrogen/hydrocarbon (H/H) ratios for hemp seed oils were between 11.66 and 13.28. Ultrasonication pretreatment significantly altered cannabinoid profiles of the oils. Low pressure extraction favored CBDA and THCA, while high pressure extraction negatively impacted all cannabinoids. In addition, the ultrasonic pre-treatment of hemp seeds before supercritical CO2 extraction minimally affected fatty acid composition and nutritional indices, including PUFAs/SFAs ratio, n-6/n-3 ratio, IA and IT values, and H/H ratio. A combination of pretreatment and low-pressure extraction at 50 °C better maintained stability of the oil during storage at 25 °C than high pressure extraction. Conversely, untreated oil extracted at high pressure exhibited the lowest peroxide values after a prolonged storage at 55 °C, suggesting complex interactions between pretreatment, extraction, and storage conditions.
{"title":"Ultrasound and low-pressure supercritical CO2 extraction: A synergistic approach to hemp seed oil extraction","authors":"Rattana Muangrat , Yongyut Chalermchat , Thanyaporn Siriwoharn , Wachira Jirarattanarangsri , Pipat Tangjaidee , Israpong Pongsirikul , Supachet Pannasai","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction was employed to acquire cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) at temperatures ranging from 40 to 60 °C. The highest yields of cannabinoids were achieved under reduced pressure conditions of 200 bar. Ultrasonication pretreatment on hemp seeds prior extraction showed little impact on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Oils extracted from ultrasonically treated hemp seeds exhibited a higher total phenolic content at 200 bar and 50 °C for 3 h compared to treatment at 600 bar and 50 °C for 1 h, correlating with the antioxidant activities. Analysis of the extracted hemp seed oil showed elevated levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid. The extracted hemp seed oils showed polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (PUFAs/SFAs) ratios of 6.58–7.22, n-6/n-3 ratios of 3.96–4.18, and index of atherogenicity (IA) values ranging from 0.07 to 0.09. Thrombogenic potential, reflected by index of thrombogenicity (IT) values, varied between 0.12 and 0.13 in the extracted oils. Hydrogen/hydrocarbon (H/H) ratios for hemp seed oils were between 11.66 and 13.28. Ultrasonication pretreatment significantly altered cannabinoid profiles of the oils. Low pressure extraction favored CBDA and THCA, while high pressure extraction negatively impacted all cannabinoids. In addition, the ultrasonic pre-treatment of hemp seeds before supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction minimally affected fatty acid composition and nutritional indices, including PUFAs/SFAs ratio, n-6/n-3 ratio, IA and IT values, and H/H ratio. A combination of pretreatment and low-pressure extraction at 50 °C better maintained stability of the oil during storage at 25 °C than high pressure extraction. Conversely, untreated oil extracted at high pressure exhibited the lowest peroxide values after a prolonged storage at 55 °C, suggesting complex interactions between pretreatment, extraction, and storage conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a high-value spice and medicinal crop in the family Zingiberaceae. Growth, yield, and quality are influenced by geographical factors, production conditions, and climatic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and light. Breeding for controlled environments requires a focus on specific plant traits, like rapid growth, adaptability to low light conditions, and manipulation of plant size. Genotypes with maximum genetic plasticity are ideal for these conditions. The cultivation of turmeric must accelerate to meet demands for a increased yield and quality while minimizing environmental impact, achievable through controlled-environment production systems. Our study aims to identify superior turmeric genotypes for high yield and quality under controlled production systems, including vertical structures and greenhouse conditions. Results showed significant variation among 21 genotypes across three different production systems in terms of yield, dry recovery, oleoresin, essential oil, and curcuminoids. CIM Pitambar (185.76), Acc. 849 (176.50), Acc. 214 (149.50), and IISR Pragati (148.74) demonstrated superior fresh rhizome yield per clump under vertical structures. IISR Pragati performed well in both under greenhouse (959.08 g) and field condition (635.95 g). High recovery of cured turmeric was recorded in Acc. 14 (23.20 %) under vertical structures, Chhattisgarh Haldi 2 (25.60 %) under greenhouse and Uttar Rangini (23.14 %) under field conditions. Waigon Turmeric outperformed all other genotypes for oleoresin and essential oil contents and was found to be significantly higher across the production systems. The curcuminoids varied significantly and ranged from 0.12 % to 6.65 % across three production systems. Waigon Turmeric (2.13 %) was found to be superior for vertical structures, IISR Pragati (3.62 %) for greenhouse and IISR Prathiba (6.18 %) for field conditions. Greenhouse condition was found to be the best environment followed by field condition for fresh rhizome yield and essential oil content, whereas field condition was best for dry recovery, oleoresin and curcuminoids content. Our findings suggested that yield and quality are affected by the environments, and yield was found to be best in the greenhouse and quality traits performed best in field conditions.
{"title":"Deciphering the genotypic superiority of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) for yield and quality traits under three contrasting production systems","authors":"Raghuveer Silaru , Prasath Duraisamy , Yuvaraj Kotha Madduri , Aarthi Sounderarajan , Srinivasan Veeraraghavan , Krishnamurthy Kuntagodu Subraya","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Turmeric (<em>Curcuma longa</em> L.) is a high-value spice and medicinal crop in the family Zingiberaceae. Growth, yield, and quality are influenced by geographical factors, production conditions, and climatic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and light. Breeding for controlled environments requires a focus on specific plant traits, like rapid growth, adaptability to low light conditions, and manipulation of plant size. Genotypes with maximum genetic plasticity are ideal for these conditions. The cultivation of turmeric must accelerate to meet demands for a increased yield and quality while minimizing environmental impact, achievable through controlled-environment production systems. Our study aims to identify superior turmeric genotypes for high yield and quality under controlled production systems, including vertical structures and greenhouse conditions. Results showed significant variation among 21 genotypes across three different production systems in terms of yield, dry recovery, oleoresin, essential oil, and curcuminoids. CIM Pitambar (185.76), Acc. 849 (176.50), Acc. 214 (149.50), and IISR Pragati (148.74) demonstrated superior fresh rhizome yield per clump under vertical structures. IISR Pragati performed well in both under greenhouse (959.08 g) and field condition (635.95 g). High recovery of cured turmeric was recorded in Acc. 14 (23.20 %) under vertical structures, Chhattisgarh Haldi 2 (25.60 %) under greenhouse and Uttar Rangini (23.14 %) under field conditions. Waigon Turmeric outperformed all other genotypes for oleoresin and essential oil contents and was found to be significantly higher across the production systems. The curcuminoids varied significantly and ranged from 0.12 % to 6.65 % across three production systems. Waigon Turmeric (2.13 %) was found to be superior for vertical structures, IISR Pragati (3.62 %) for greenhouse and IISR Prathiba (6.18 %) for field conditions. Greenhouse condition was found to be the best environment followed by field condition for fresh rhizome yield and essential oil content, whereas field condition was best for dry recovery, oleoresin and curcuminoids content. Our findings suggested that yield and quality are affected by the environments, and yield was found to be best in the greenhouse and quality traits performed best in field conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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