Clinical manifestations and risk factors for COVID-19 and its severity in patients with hematological malignancies

Abstract

Background

Patients with hematological malignancies (HM) were at a high risk of developing severe disease from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to assess the clinical outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with HM.

Methods

Adult patients with HM who were hospitalized with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between May, 2021 and November, 2022 were retrospectively identified. Primary outcome was respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation or mortality within 60 days after hospitalization. We also analyzed associated factors for de-isolation (defined as defervescence with a consecutive serial cycle threshold value > 30) within 28 days.

Results

Of 152 eligible patients, 22 (14.5%) developed respiratory failure or mortality in 60 days. Factors associated with developing respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation or mortality included receipt of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR], 5.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64–15.85), type 2 diabetes mellitus (aHR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.04–5.90), lymphopenia at admission (aHR, 6.85; 95% CI, 2.45–19.15), and receiving <2 doses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines (aHR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.19–7.60). Ninety-nine (65.1%) patients were de-isolated in 28 days, against which two hazardous factors were identified: receipt of B-cell depletion therapies within one year prior to COVID-19 (aHR, 0.55, 95% CI, 0.35–0.87) and lymphopenia upon admission (aHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43–1.00).

Conclusion

We found a high rate of respiratory failure and mortality among patients with HM who contracted the SARS-CoV-2. Factors associated with developing respiratory failure or mortality in 60 days included receipt of allo-HSCT, type 2 diabetes mellitus and lymphopenia upon admission. Having received ≥2 doses of vaccination conferred protection against clinical progression.