Estimation and convergence rates in the distributional single index model

IF 1.4 3区 数学 Q2 STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Statistica Neerlandica Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI:10.1111/stan.12336
Fadoua Balabdaoui, Alexander Henzi, Lukas Looser
{"title":"Estimation and convergence rates in the distributional single index model","authors":"Fadoua Balabdaoui, Alexander Henzi, Lukas Looser","doi":"10.1111/stan.12336","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The distributional single index model is a semiparametric regression model in which the conditional distribution functions <mjx-container aria-label=\"upper P left parenthesis upper Y less than or equals y vertical bar upper X equals x right parenthesis equals upper F 0 left parenthesis theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis comma y right parenthesis\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"0\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"36,34\" data-semantic-content=\"10\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper P left parenthesis upper Y less than or equals y vertical bar upper X equals x right parenthesis equals upper F 0 left parenthesis theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis comma y right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"0,27\" data-semantic-content=\"35,0\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"37\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"36\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"36\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"26\" data-semantic-content=\"1,9\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"36\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"27\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"24,5,25\" data-semantic-content=\"5\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"27\" data-semantic-role=\"sequence\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuated\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"2,4\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"26\" data-semantic-role=\"inequality\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"24\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,≤\" data-semantic-parent=\"24\" data-semantic-role=\"inequality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\" rspace=\"5\" space=\"5\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"24\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"punctuated\" data-semantic-parent=\"26\" data-semantic-role=\"vbar\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" rspace=\"2\" space=\"2\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"6,8\" data-semantic-content=\"7\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"26\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"25\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,=\" data-semantic-parent=\"25\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\" rspace=\"5\" space=\"5\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"25\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"27\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,=\" data-semantic-parent=\"37\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\" rspace=\"5\" space=\"5\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"13,32\" data-semantic-content=\"33,11\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"37\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"11,12\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"34\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.106em;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"34\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"31\" data-semantic-content=\"14,23\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"34\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"32\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"30,21,22\" data-semantic-content=\"21\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"32\" data-semantic-role=\"sequence\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuated\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"17,28\" data-semantic-content=\"29,15\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"31\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"15,16\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"30\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"30\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"19\" data-semantic-content=\"18,20\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"30\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"28\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"28\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"28\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"punctuated\" data-semantic-parent=\"31\" data-semantic-role=\"comma\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" rspace=\"3\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"31\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"32\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/1db80d93-0b28-4938-bec3-0ca347be8ec3/stan12336-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"36,34\" data-semantic-content=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper P left parenthesis upper Y less than or equals y vertical bar upper X equals x right parenthesis equals upper F 0 left parenthesis theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis comma y right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,27\" data-semantic-content=\"35,0\" data-semantic-parent=\"37\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"36\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">P</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"36\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\">⁡</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"26\" data-semantic-content=\"1,9\" data-semantic-parent=\"36\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"27\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"24,5,25\" data-semantic-content=\"5\" data-semantic-parent=\"27\" data-semantic-role=\"sequence\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuated\"><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"2,4\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic-parent=\"26\" data-semantic-role=\"inequality\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"24\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">Y</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,≤\" data-semantic-parent=\"24\" data-semantic-role=\"inequality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">≤</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"24\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">y</mi></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"punctuated\" data-semantic-parent=\"26\" data-semantic-role=\"vbar\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" stretchy=\"false\">|</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"6,8\" data-semantic-content=\"7\" data-semantic-parent=\"26\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"25\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">X</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,=\" data-semantic-parent=\"25\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">=</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"25\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">x</mi></mrow></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"27\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,=\" data-semantic-parent=\"37\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">=</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"13,32\" data-semantic-content=\"33,11\" data-semantic-parent=\"37\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"11,12\" data-semantic-parent=\"34\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"34\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\">⁡</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"31\" data-semantic-content=\"14,23\" data-semantic-parent=\"34\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"32\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"30,21,22\" data-semantic-content=\"21\" data-semantic-parent=\"32\" data-semantic-role=\"sequence\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuated\"><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"17,28\" data-semantic-content=\"29,15\" data-semantic-parent=\"31\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"15,16\" data-semantic-parent=\"30\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"30\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\">⁡</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"19\" data-semantic-content=\"18,20\" data-semantic-parent=\"30\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"28\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"28\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">x</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"28\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"punctuated\" data-semantic-parent=\"31\" data-semantic-role=\"comma\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\">,</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"31\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">y</mi></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"32\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow>$$ P\\left(Y\\le y|X=x\\right)={F}_0\\left({\\theta}_0(x),y\\right) $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> of a real-valued outcome variable <mjx-container aria-label=\"upper Y\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"1\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper Y\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/56a43599-c210-4499-aeea-c63a9e47df43/stan12336-math-0002.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper Y\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">Y</mi></mrow>$$ Y $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> depend on <mjx-container aria-label=\"d\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"2\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"d\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/c6c44fcd-8d0a-40f6-9b16-5775abbcd573/stan12336-math-0003.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"d\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">d</mi></mrow>$$ d $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>-dimensional covariates <mjx-container aria-label=\"upper X\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"3\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper X\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/8c9a209b-7df6-4c89-bd24-630f971e736e/stan12336-math-0004.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper X\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">X</mi></mrow>$$ X $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> through a univariate, parametric index function <mjx-container aria-label=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"4\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2,6\" data-semantic-content=\"7,0\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-speech=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"3,5\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/a0919671-ab16-495a-8b38-b1a75cf93613/stan12336-math-0005.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2,6\" data-semantic-content=\"7,0\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-speech=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\">⁡</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"3,5\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">x</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></mrow>$$ {\\theta}_0(x) $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, and increase stochastically as <mjx-container aria-label=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"5\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2,6\" data-semantic-content=\"7,0\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-speech=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"3,5\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/3b6cb2ed-f227-4cfc-bda9-9a47e3ce4908/stan12336-math-0006.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2,6\" data-semantic-content=\"7,0\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-speech=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\">⁡</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"3,5\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">x</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></mrow>$$ {\\theta}_0(x) $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> increases. We propose least squares approaches for the joint estimation of <mjx-container aria-label=\"theta 0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"6\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"theta 0\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/1e9bf7c6-9a49-49e0-bd90-a116bb8c68af/stan12336-math-0007.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"theta 0\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow>$$ {\\theta}_0 $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> and <mjx-container aria-label=\"upper F 0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"7\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper F 0\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.106em;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/cd9155c7-d592-4ff5-9db4-b96619d66811/stan12336-math-0008.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper F 0\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow>$$ {F}_0 $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> in the important case where <mjx-container aria-label=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals alpha 0 Superscript down tack Baseline x\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"8\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"15,17\" data-semantic-content=\"6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals alpha 0 Superscript down tack Baseline x\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2,13\" data-semantic-content=\"14,0\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"18\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"15\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"15\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"3,5\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"15\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,=\" data-semantic-parent=\"18\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\" rspace=\"5\" space=\"5\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"11,12\" data-semantic-content=\"16\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"18\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-msubsup data-semantic-children=\"7,8,9\" data-semantic-collapsed=\"(11 (10 7 8) 9)\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subsup\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.288em; margin-left: 0px;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow><mjx-spacer style=\"margin-top: 0.18em;\"></mjx-spacer><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msubsup><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/d4e3680e-e32c-4cbb-a216-046476cf7971/stan12336-math-0009.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"15,17\" data-semantic-content=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"theta 0 left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals alpha 0 Superscript down tack Baseline x\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2,13\" data-semantic-content=\"14,0\" data-semantic-parent=\"18\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-parent=\"15\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"simple function\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"15\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\">⁡</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"3,5\" data-semantic-parent=\"15\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">x</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"13\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,=\" data-semantic-parent=\"18\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">=</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"11,12\" data-semantic-content=\"16\" data-semantic-parent=\"18\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msubsup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8,9\" data-semantic-collapsed=\"(11 (10 7 8) 9)\" data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subsup\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">α</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⊤</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"17\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">x</mi></mrow></mrow>$$ {\\theta}_0(x)={\\alpha}_0^{\\top }x $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> and obtain convergence rates of <mjx-container aria-label=\"n Superscript negative 1 divided by 3\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"9\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"0,6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"n Superscript negative 1 divided by 3\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"5,4\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"division\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\" size=\"s\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"negative\" data-semantic-type=\"prefixop\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"prefixop,−\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"subtraction\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,/\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"division\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\" space=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/b6b785d1-d5e5-4cda-b0a0-a64c31bc70c7/stan12336-math-0010.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,6\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"n Superscript negative 1 divided by 3\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">n</mi></mrow><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"5,4\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"division\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"1\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"negative\" data-semantic-type=\"prefixop\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"prefixop,−\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"subtraction\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" form=\"prefix\">−</mo><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">1</mn></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,/\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"division\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" stretchy=\"false\">/</mo><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow>$$ {n}^{-1/3} $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, thereby improving an existing result that gives a rate of <mjx-container aria-label=\"n Superscript negative 1 divided by 6\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"10\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"0,6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"n Superscript negative 1 divided by 6\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"5,4\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"division\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\" size=\"s\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"negative\" data-semantic-type=\"prefixop\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"prefixop,−\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"subtraction\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,/\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"division\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\" space=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/87b91976-86b5-4efc-a4cc-bd81187c82e1/stan12336-math-0011.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,6\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"n Superscript negative 1 divided by 6\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">n</mi></mrow><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"5,4\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"division\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"1\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"negative\" data-semantic-type=\"prefixop\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"prefixop,−\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"subtraction\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" form=\"prefix\">−</mo><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">1</mn></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,/\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"division\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" stretchy=\"false\">/</mo><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow>$$ {n}^{-1/6} $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>. A simulation study indicates that the convergence rate for the estimation of <mjx-container aria-label=\"alpha 0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"11\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"alpha 0\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow size=\"s\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml aria-hidden=\"true\" display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"/cms/asset/a392720e-fdcf-4ed1-9cc6-ee90457d08a7/stan12336-math-0012.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"alpha 0\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">α</mi></mrow><mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow>$$ {\\alpha}_0 $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> might be faster. Furthermore, we illustrate our methods in an application on house price data that demonstrates the advantages of shape restrictions in single index models.","PeriodicalId":51178,"journal":{"name":"Statistica Neerlandica","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Statistica Neerlandica","FirstCategoryId":"100","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/stan.12336","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"STATISTICS & PROBABILITY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

The distributional single index model is a semiparametric regression model in which the conditional distribution functions of a real-valued outcome variable depend on -dimensional covariates through a univariate, parametric index function , and increase stochastically as increases. We propose least squares approaches for the joint estimation of and in the important case where and obtain convergence rates of , thereby improving an existing result that gives a rate of . A simulation study indicates that the convergence rate for the estimation of might be faster. Furthermore, we illustrate our methods in an application on house price data that demonstrates the advantages of shape restrictions in single index models.
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分布式单一指数模型的估计和收敛率
分布式单一指数模型是一种半参数回归模型,其中条件分布函数 P(Y≤y|X=x)=F0(θ0(x),y)$$ P\left(Y\le y|X=x\right)={F}_0\left({\theta}_0(x)、y\right) $$ 实值结果变量 Y$$ Y$ 通过单变量参数指标函数 θ0(x)$$ {\theta}_0(x) $$ 取决于 d$$ d$ 维协变量 X$$ X$ ,并且随着 θ0(x)$$ {\theta}_0(x) $$ 的增加而随机增加。在 θ0(x)=α0⊤x$$ {\theta}_0(x)={\alpha}_0^{\top }x $$ 的重要情况下,我们提出了联合估计 θ0$$ {\theta}_0 $$ 和 F0$$ {F}_0 $$ 的最小二乘法,并获得了 n-1/3$$ {n}^{-1/3} $$ 的收敛率、从而改进了给出 n-1/6$ {n}^{-1/6} $$ 收敛率的现有结果。模拟研究表明,估计 α0$$ {\alpha}_0 $$ 的收敛速度可能更快。此外,我们还通过对房价数据的应用说明了我们的方法,从而展示了形状限制在单指数模型中的优势。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Statistica Neerlandica
Statistica Neerlandica 数学-统计学与概率论
CiteScore
2.60
自引率
6.70%
发文量
26
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Statistica Neerlandica has been the journal of the Netherlands Society for Statistics and Operations Research since 1946. It covers all areas of statistics, from theoretical to applied, with a special emphasis on mathematical statistics, statistics for the behavioural sciences and biostatistics. This wide scope is reflected by the expertise of the journal’s editors representing these areas. The diverse editorial board is committed to a fast and fair reviewing process, and will judge submissions on quality, correctness, relevance and originality. Statistica Neerlandica encourages transparency and reproducibility, and offers online resources to make data, code, simulation results and other additional materials publicly available.
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