Interspecific dispersal constraints suppress pattern formation in metacommunities

Patrick Lawton, Ashkaan K. Fahimipour, Kurt E. Anderson
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Abstract

Decisions to disperse from a habitat stand out among organismal behaviors as pivotal drivers of ecosystem dynamics across scales. Encounters with other species are an important component of adaptive decision-making in dispersal, resulting in widespread behaviors like tracking resources or avoiding consumers in space. Despite this, metacommunity models often treat dispersal as a function of intraspecific density alone. We show, focusing initially on three-species network motifs, that interspecific dispersal rules generally drive a transition in metacommunities from homogeneous steady states to self-organized heterogeneous spatial patterns. However, when ecologically realistic constraints reflecting adaptive behaviors are imposed -- prey tracking and predator avoidance -- a pronounced homogenizing effect emerges where spatial pattern formation is suppressed. We demonstrate this effect for each motif by computing master stability functions that separate the contributions of local and spatial interactions to pattern formation. We extend this result to species rich food webs using a random matrix approach, where we find that eventually webs become large enough to override the homogenizing effect of adaptive dispersal behaviors, leading once again to predominately pattern forming dynamics. Our results emphasize the critical role of interspecific dispersal rules in shaping spatial patterns across landscapes, highlighting the need to incorporate adaptive behavioral constraints in efforts to link local species interactions and metacommunity structure.
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种间扩散限制抑制了元群落模式的形成
在生物行为中,决定从栖息地扩散的行为是不同尺度生态系统动态的主要驱动因素。与其他物种相遇是散布过程中适应性决策的一个重要组成部分,这导致了广泛的行为,如追踪资源或避开空间中的消费者。尽管如此,元群落模型常常把扩散仅仅作为种内密度的一个函数来处理。我们首先以三物种网络为研究对象,证明种间扩散规则通常会推动元群落从同质稳定状态过渡到自组织的异质空间模式。然而,当施加反映适应性行为的生态学现实约束条件(猎物追踪和捕食者规避)时,空间模式的形成受到抑制,出现了明显的同质化效应。我们通过计算主稳定函数,将局部和空间相互作用对模式形成的贡献区分开来,从而证明了每个图案的这种效应。我们使用随机矩阵方法将这一结果扩展到物种丰富的食物网,结果发现,食物网最终会变得足够大,足以压倒适应性分散行为的同质化效应,从而再次导致以模式形成为主的动力学。我们的研究结果强调了特异性散布规则在形成跨地貌空间模式中的关键作用,突出了将适应性行为约束纳入将本地物种相互作用与元群落结构联系起来的努力中的必要性。
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