The portrait of Márk Baksa: Jael syndrome in a 16th century Hungarian hussar, a multidisciplinary investigation

Abstract

Background

This report discusses the patholo-anatomical features of a typical Jael Syndrome shown in the portrait of a 16th century Hungarian Hussar Captain named Márk Baksa that is currently part of the “Wunderkammer” of Ambras Castle Museum, Innsbruck, Austria. It shows the soldier severely wounded by a lance that perforates the skull entering into his right eye and leaving at the neck.

Methodology

This study was carried out following the published methodological procedures and recommendations that shall be applied when performing iconodiagnosis.

Results/discussion

This injury was sustained at the siege of Györ in 1598 CE, from which he was reported to survive following treatment by skilled military surgeons. The true weapon was probably a jarid, an Ottoman throwing spear. Reconstruction of the presumed trajectory through the skull and neck assumed that no vital organ or structure was injured given that Baksa survived the attack.

Conclusion/perspectives

The portrait of Márk Baksa highlighted the bravery of the Hungarian military during the 16th century Austro-Hungarian-Turkish war in the Balkans and used as an icon of their prowess. This multidisciplinary investigation shows that iconodiagnosis coupled with the analysis of historical documentary sources and modern-day medical imaging can be of help in determining the authenticity of traumatic lesions in individuals from the past.