The Effects of Electoral Violence on Women’s Legislative Representation

Reed M. Wood
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Abstract

Despite the global expansion in women’s access to political leadership in recent decades, female parliamentarians remain a distinct minority in most national legislatures. Previous studies have linked variations in women’s descriptive representation to international and domestic security threats, such as interstate war and transnational terrorist campaigns. However, existing research has thus far overlooked how the turbulence, unrest, and violence often associated with the election process itself may produce gendered electoral outcomes. I argue that violent contention in the period immediately preceding elections introduces gendered distortions to the political recruitment process that determines the gender composition of legislatures. The cumulative effect of these distortions is a reduction in the proportion of legislative seats subsequently held by women. To evaluate my hypothesis, I analyze data from 620 nominally competitive legislative elections in 128 countries between 1990 and 2012. Consistent with expectations, the results suggest that higher levels of election-related violence are associated with lower rates of women's descriptive representation.
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选举暴力对妇女立法代表权的影响
尽管近几十年来全球妇女担任政治领导职务的人数不断增加,但在大多数国家的立法机构中,女议员仍然是明显的少数。以往的研究将女性描述性代表性的变化与国际和国内安全威胁(如国家间战争和跨国恐怖活动)联系起来。然而,迄今为止,现有的研究都忽略了与选举过程本身相关的动荡、不安和暴力是如何产生性别选举结果的。我认为,选举前的暴力争斗会对决定立法机构性别构成的政治招募过程造成性别扭曲。这些扭曲的累积效应会降低女性随后在立法机构中所占的席位比例。为了评估我的假设,我分析了 1990 年至 2012 年间 128 个国家 620 次名义上竞争性立法选举的数据。结果表明,与选举相关的暴力程度越高,妇女的描述性代表比例就越低。
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