Innovative Agrowaste Banana Peel Extract-Based Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Eco-Friendly Oxidative Shield and Freshness Fortification

Abstract

This study presents the synthesis of agro-waste banana peel extract-based magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (BPEx-MIONPs), emphasizing antioxidant capacity and food preservation. Using iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃ · 6 H₂O) as a precursor and a reducing agent from agro-waste peel extract, a precisely controlled process yielded BPEx-MIONPs. Characterization involved X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD revealed tetragonal Fe₂O₃, cubic magnetite structure, and monoclinic Fe_xO_y-NPs with an average size of 14.8 nm. TEM and SEM revealed diverse morphologies. TEM displayed both spherical and elongated nanoparticles, with some appearing as thin fibrils. In contrast, SEM images depicted an array primarily consisting of spherical nanoparticles, resembling coral reef formations. FTIR confirmed Fe–O bonds (1000 –400 cm^-1). The antioxidant assessment showed robust DPPH free radical scavenging; BPEx achieved 100% inhibition at 18 min, and BPEx-MIONPs had an IC₅₀ of ~ 136 µg/mL. BPEx-MIONPs, stabilized with banana-based bioplastic, effectively preserved grapes, reducing weight loss to 6.2% on day 3, compared to the control (19.0%). This pioneering study combines banana peel antioxidants with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, providing sustainable solutions for food preservation and nano-packaging. Ongoing research aims to refine conditions and explore broader applications of BPEx-MIONPs.

Graphical Abstract