Wastewater Pollutant Discharge Concentration Effect on Non-Newtonian Hybrid Nanofluid Flow across a Riga Sheet: Numerical Exploration

Abstract

Wastewater disposal plays an important role in several sectors of industry and environmental systems. The objective of the present research is to avoid and monitor pollutants discharge in the pure water resource. For the purpose, the influence of PDC (pollutant discharge concentration) on the non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids (NNNF) flow across a porous surface of Riga sheet is examined. The two different types of NNNF (second-grade and Walter’s B fluids) have been considered. The copper (Cu) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) are used in the base fluid Sodium Alginate (C6H9NaO7) to prepare the hybrid nanofluid. The NNNF flow is designed in form of nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs), which are simplified to dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and then numerically handled through the parametric continuation method (PCM). The numerical results of the proposed model are compared with the published literature for the limiting case. The present results reveal higher similarity with the existing study. From the graphical results, it can be observed that the fluid temperature drops with the variation of Cu and Fe3O4-NPs. The influence of external pollutant factor enhances the concentration of pollutants in case of both fluids. Furthermore, the rising quantity of Cu and Fe3O4 NPs in Sodium Alginate based hybrid nanofluid, the energy transfer rate enhances form 3.79% to 8.25%, in case of Second-Grade hybrid nanofluid and 3.88% to 9.86% in case of Walter’s B hybrid nanofluid respectively.