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Multi‑scale Experimental Investigations on the Deterioration Mechanism of Sandstone after high-temperature treatment 砂岩高温处理后劣化机理的多尺度实验研究
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024052733
Na Zhang, Yu Song, Yuxin Ren, Piaopiao Zhang, Ziyun Zhang, Shuaidong Wang
ABSTRACT: A significant aspect influencing engineering stability in deep engineering is temperature. In order to explore the influence of high temperature on sandstone, This study used experimental samples of sandstone from Shaanxi, China. Sandstone samples were subjected to varying temperature gradients (25℃, 100℃, 300℃, 500℃ and 700℃) for Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments. The resulting mechanical parameters and pore diameter distributions of the sandstone under various temperatures were compared and analyzed. The results showed that: Peak strain and peak stress of sandstone samples both greatly rise and decrease with increasing heating temperature. The degree of elastic modulus and peak stress degradation is also more pronounced at higher temperatures. The brittle-ductile transition occurs at about occurs between 500°C~700°C. At temperatures between 25°C and 500°C, the peak AE energy occurs near the peak strength of the sandstone. The ringing counts of the sandstone specimens reached a maximum after the peak stress when the temperature was 700°C, and the peak AE energy gradually decreased at higher heating temperatures. The T2 spectrum curve and pore size curve of the sandstone increased and gradually shifted to the right with the increase of the treatment temperature, and the area of the T2 spectrum and porosity also gradually increased. There is a negative correlation between porosity and total area of T2 spectrum and peak stress and elastic modulus of sandstone under high temperature. The micropores showed a monotonically decreasing trend with increasing temperature
摘要:影响深部工程稳定性的一个重要方面是温度。为了探索高温对砂岩的影响,本研究使用了来自中国陕西的砂岩实验样品。将砂岩样品置于不同的温度梯度(25℃、100℃、300℃、500℃和 700℃)下进行单轴抗压强度(UCS)、声发射(AE)监测和核磁共振(NMR)实验。对不同温度下砂岩的力学参数和孔径分布进行了比较和分析。结果表明砂岩样品的峰值应变和峰值应力都随着加热温度的升高而大幅上升和下降。温度越高,弹性模量和峰值应力的衰减程度也越明显。脆-韧性转变大约发生在 500°C~700°C 之间。温度在 25°C 至 500°C 之间时,峰值 AE 能量出现在砂岩强度峰值附近。温度为 700°C 时,砂岩试样的振铃次数在峰值应力之后达到最大值,加热温度越高,峰值 AE 能量越小。砂岩的 T2 频谱曲线和孔隙率曲线随着处理温度的升高而增大并逐渐右移,T2 频谱面积和孔隙率也逐渐增大。在高温条件下,砂岩的孔隙率和 T2 频谱总面积与峰值应力和弹性模量之间呈负相关。微孔随温度升高呈单调递减趋势
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引用次数: 0
Geometric models for incorporating solid accumulation at the nodes of open-cell foams 开孔泡沫节点处固体堆积的几何模型
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024053135
Esmari Maré, Sonia Fidder
In open-cell foams solid lumps are often present at the intersection of struts, known as the nodes. In this study models available in the literature that represent foams with solid accumulation at the nodes are investigated and used to obtain predictive equations for the permeability (for both the Darcy and Forchheimer flow regimes) and specific surface area for given porosity and average pore diameter values. The majority of the predictive equations proposed for the specific surface area based on these models are novel contributions. Furthermore, a method is proposed for incorporating solid lumps at the nodes into the existing foam (or three-strut) rectangular Representative Unit Cell (RUC) model. The models obtained from the literature along with the node adjusted RUC model are compared to one another and to relevant experimental data from the literature for foams that have accumulation of solid matter present at the nodes. The node adjusted RUC model provides physically meaningful and satisfactory changes to the specific surface area and permeability predictions of the existing foam RUC model.
在开孔泡沫中,固体块通常出现在支柱的交叉点,即节点处。在本研究中,我们对文献中代表节点处有固体堆积的泡沫的模型进行了研究,并利用这些模型获得了给定孔隙率和平均孔径值下的渗透率(达西流态和福赫海默流态)和比表面积的预测方程。在这些模型的基础上提出的比表面积预测方程大多是新颖的。此外,还提出了一种方法,可将节点处的固体块体纳入现有的泡沫(或三支杆)矩形代表性单元池(RUC)模型。将从文献中获得的模型与节点调整后的 RUC 模型进行比较,并与文献中关于节点处存在固体物质堆积的泡沫的相关实验数据进行比较。经节点调整的 RUC 模型为现有泡沫 RUC 模型的比表面积和渗透性预测提供了有物理意义且令人满意的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Modified Sodium Acetate Trihydrate Composite Phase Change Material with Metal Foams 用金属泡沫增强改性三水醋酸钠复合相变材料的传热性能
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024053343
Huijin Xu, MS Liu, ZF He
In this paper, an experimental study is performed to enhance the heat transfer ability of phase change material (PCM) using copper foam (CF). A numerical model is established to predict the melting and solidification process of composite phase change materials (CPCM) in metal foams. The step-cooling curve of CF/CPCM is ideal, with low subcooling and high thermal conductivity because of its interconnected porous structure and high thermal conductivity. the CF/CPCM physical parameters are in line with the expected target. Therefore, a more suitable solution should be selected for practical applications. The CF/CPCM heat storage and exothermic device basically completes the exothermic solidification process at 3600s, and basically completes the heat absorption and melting process at 4200s, which has a more obvious effect on the overall heat transfer strengthening of the device and reducing the non-uniformity of the material, and the design and construction of the CF/CPCM heat storage and exothermic device can be carried out when the application cost is possible.
本文利用泡沫铜(CF)进行了一项实验研究,以提高相变材料(PCM)的传热能力。本文建立了一个数值模型来预测金属泡沫中复合相变材料(CPCM)的熔化和凝固过程。由于 CF/CPCM 具有相互连接的多孔结构和高热导率,因此其阶跃冷却曲线理想,过冷度低,热导率高。CF/CPCM 的物理参数符合预期目标。因此,在实际应用中应选择更合适的解决方案。CF/CPCM 蓄热放热装置在 3600s 时基本完成放热凝固过程,在 4200s 时基本完成吸热熔化过程,对装置整体传热强化效果较为明显,减少了材料的不均匀性,在应用成本允许的情况下,可进行 CF/CPCM 蓄热放热装置的设计与建造。
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引用次数: 0
Flow resistance study of porus media based on five-sphere model 基于五球模型的多孔介质流动阻力研究
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024049750
Hu Junlei, Guan Chong, Zheng Kuncan, Shi Qiangjun, Han Fulin, Chen Zhaodong
Flow resistance in porous media has been a challenging research topic in engineering and flow mechanics, plays an crucial role in industrial production and daily life. This paper presents the innovative five-sphere model by employing the capillary flow, pore-throat, flowing around models. The flow resistance of the five-sphere model incorporates capillary flow resistance, local resistance caused by the changes of pore-throat, and flowing around resistance of fluids around the filling material, which is summarized to derive a formula for the flow resistance of porous media without empirical parameters. Based on 42 sets of experimental data obtained from literature, this paper compares and validates the proposed model. When ,the five-sphere model is compared with the Carman equation, Ergun and WuJinsui equation; when , the comparison made with the Ergun and WuJinsui equation. Out of the 22 sets of data with deviations in the range of 0-30% of the five-sphere model equation for particles with an average diameter of 0.2 mm up to 56.8 mm; porosity ranging from 0.32 to 0.4174, superficial velocities ranging from 0.000038 m/s to 0.5342 m/s; and Reynolds number ranging from 0.124 to 10730. By further analysis of viscous and inertial resistance, it is found that viscous resistance losses from capillary flow and flowing around occupy the main part; when Rep < 30; inertial resistance losses from diameter change and flowing around occupy the main part when Rep > 150. This further confirms that flowing around occupies an important position in the flow resistance of porous media.
多孔介质中的流动阻力一直是工程和流动力学领域的一个挑战性研究课题,在工业生产和日常生活中发挥着至关重要的作用。本文通过采用毛细管流、孔喉流、环绕流模型,提出了创新的五球模型。五球模型的流动阻力包括毛细管流动阻力、孔喉变化引起的局部阻力以及流体在填充材料周围的绕流阻力,总结得出多孔介质的流动阻力公式,无需经验参数。本文基于从文献中获得的 42 组实验数据,对所提出的模型进行了比较和验证。当五面体模型与 Carman 方程、Ergun 和 WuJinsui 方程进行比较时;当五面体模型与 Ergun 和 WuJinsui 方程进行比较时;当五面体模型与 Carman 方程、Ergun 和 WuJinsui 方程进行比较时。在平均直径为 0.2 毫米至 56.8 毫米的颗粒、孔隙率范围为 0.32 至 0.4174、表面速度范围为 0.000038 米/秒至 0.5342 米/秒、雷诺数范围为 0.124 至 10730 的 22 组数据中,五球模型方程的偏差范围为 0-30%。通过对粘滞阻力和惯性阻力的进一步分析,发现当 Rep < 30 时,毛细流动和绕流产生的粘滞阻力损失占主要部分;当 Rep > 150 时,直径变化和绕流产生的惯性阻力损失占主要部分。这进一步证实了绕流在多孔介质流动阻力中占据重要地位。
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引用次数: 0
An Advanced Nine-Point Scheme based on Finite Analysis in Two-Dimensional Numerical Reservoir Simulation 基于有限分析的先进九点方案在二维数值储层模拟中的应用
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024049723
Jun Hu, Ya-Juan Dong, Zhi-Feng Liu, Jin-Biao Yu, Xiao-Hong Wang, Yong Wang
This article proposes an advanced nine-point (9P) scheme for solving multiphase flow in heterogeneous porous media, which is an extension of the 5P scheme constructed by the finite analytical method (FAM). As media heterogeneity increases, the error of traditional algorithms become uncontrollable due to their significant underestimation of nodal transmissibility. However, the transmissibility calculated in FAM is based on a local analytical solution and its accuracy is not dependent on the strength of heterogeneity. The proposed FAM-9P scheme offers two distinct advantages. Compared to the traditional 9P scheme, it provides much more accurate simulation results, especially for strongly heterogeneous porous media. Additionally, compared to the FAM-5P scheme, it can alleviate grid orientation effect (GOE) under adverse mobility ratios.
本文提出了一种用于求解异质多孔介质中多相流的先进九点(9P)方案,它是对有限解析法(FAM)构建的 5P 方案的扩展。随着介质异质性的增加,传统算法由于严重低估了节点透射率,其误差变得难以控制。然而,FAM 中计算的透射率是基于局部解析解的,其精度与异质性的强度无关。拟议的 FAM-9P 方案具有两个明显的优势。与传统的 9P 方案相比,它能提供更精确的模拟结果,特别是对于强异质多孔介质。此外,与 FAM-5P 方案相比,它可以减轻不利流动比率下的网格定向效应 (GOE)。
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引用次数: 0
CONVECTIVE FLOW AND HEAT TRANSPORT OF CLAY NANOFLUID ACROSS A VERTICAL SURFACE IN A DARCY-BRINKMAN POROUS MEDIUM 粘土纳米流体在达西-布林克曼多孔介质垂直表面上的对流和热传输
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024053261
Umair Khan, Aurang Zaib, Anuar Ishak, El-Sayed M. Sherif, Ioan Pop
Drilling fluids are important in the extraction of oils and gases through rocks and soil. Clay nanoparticles are essential for enhancing drilling fluid efficiency. The thermal conductivity, viscosity, and boiling point of drilling fluids increase when clay nanoparticles are incorporated, providing resistance to high temperatures and regulating fluid costs. This article illustrates the convection heat transfer in drilling nanofluid while taking into account the significant presence of clay nanoparticles in the fluid used for drilling. The efficient thermophysical characteristics of clay nanofluid are expressed mathematically using Maxwell-Garnett and Brinkman's formulas. The linear PDEs with physical boundary conditions that control the flow phenomena are predetermined. The similarity technique is employed to transmute these PDEs into ODEs and then an efficient bvp4c solver is utilized to find dual solutions. The Nusselt number and skin friction are calculated and displayed in tabular form as well as graphical form along with the velocity and temperature profiles. Multiple solutions are observed in the case of shrinkable sheets as well as in the case of buoyancy assisting flow. The findings demonstrate that when volume concentration increases, the Nusselt number rises noticeably. In addition, the permeability parameter expands the boundary layer thickness in the lower solution, while the contrary behavior is observed in the upper solution.
钻井液对于通过岩石和土壤提取石油和天然气非常重要。纳米粘土颗粒对提高钻井液效率至关重要。加入粘土纳米粒子后,钻井液的导热性、粘度和沸点都会增加,从而提供耐高温性并调节流体成本。本文阐述了钻井纳米流体中的对流传热,同时考虑了钻井液中粘土纳米粒子的大量存在。使用 Maxwell-Garnett 和 Brinkman 公式对粘土纳米流体的高效热物理特性进行了数学表达。控制流动现象的线性 PDE 与物理边界条件是预先确定的。利用相似性技术将这些 PDE 转换为 ODE,然后利用高效的 bvp4c 求解器找到对偶解。计算出的努塞尔特数和表皮摩擦力与速度和温度曲线一起以表格和图形的形式显示出来。在可收缩板材和浮力辅助流动的情况下,观察到了多种解决方案。研究结果表明,当体积浓度增加时,努塞尔特数明显上升。此外,在下层解决方案中,渗透性参数扩大了边界层厚度,而在上层解决方案中则观察到相反的行为。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Impacts of Using Porous Media on Heat Transfer in Helical Coils: A Comprehensive Numerical Study 探索使用多孔介质对螺旋线圈传热的影响:综合数值研究
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024052876
Hamid-Reza Bahrami, Mahdi Mohseni
This research investigates the thermal performance of a helically coiled tube filled with a porous material. The study uses numerical simulations over a wide range of Reynolds and Darcy numbers. The porous materials used are steel, aluminum, and copper. To determine the contribution of porous material as well as the spiraling effects of the pipe to increased heat transfer, the simulations were also run for a helical coil without porous material and a porous-filled straight tube. The pitch and radius of the coil were varied, resulting in different coil turns for a given length of the pipe. The rate of exergy destruction in different states was calculated to determine the optimal operating point of the system. The study reveals that porous material significantly improves heat transfer in both straight and helical tubes. The optimal performance is achieved at higher Darcy numbers, with heat transfer being independent or dependent on Re. The highest Nu value is around 450 at Da=0.1 and Re=2000, about 103 times and 17 times the Nu in the straight and helical tubes without porous material, respectively. However, the peak value of PEC is 2 and 17 with respect to porous-filled straight tubes and non-porous helical coils. The main achievement of this study is that it shows that porous media can be applied to amplify heat transfer beside the secondary flow in helical tubes under specific conditions. This enhancement occurs when using porous media with high Da numbers, such as Da ~ 0.1. In contrast, the study shows that using porous media with low permeability (Da ~ 0.0001) surpasses secondary flows effects where the thermal performances of porous filled helical tubes and straight t
这项研究调查了充满多孔材料的螺旋卷管的热性能。研究采用数值模拟的方法,在很大的雷诺数和达西数范围内进行。使用的多孔材料有钢、铝和铜。为了确定多孔材料的贡献以及管道的螺旋效应对增加传热的影响,还对无多孔材料的螺旋盘管和充满多孔材料的直管进行了模拟。线圈的间距和半径不同,导致给定长度管道的线圈匝数不同。通过计算不同状态下的能量损耗率,确定了系统的最佳运行点。研究表明,多孔材料能显著改善直管和螺旋管的传热效果。最佳性能在达西数较高时实现,传热与 Re 无关或相关。在 Da=0.1 和 Re=2000 时,最高 Nu 值约为 450,分别是无多孔材料直管和螺旋管中 Nu 值的 103 倍和 17 倍。然而,多孔填充直管和无孔螺旋线圈的 PEC 峰值分别为 2 和 17。这项研究的主要成果表明,在特定条件下,多孔介质可用于放大螺旋管中二次流旁的传热。当使用高 Da 数(如 Da ~ 0.1)的多孔介质时,这种增强作用就会出现。与此相反,研究表明,使用低渗透率(Da ~ 0.0001)的多孔介质可以超越二次流的效果,在这种情况下,多孔填充螺旋管和直管的热性能都会有所提高。
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引用次数: 0
Inhomogeneous wave propagation in porothermoelastic medium with dual-phase-lag heat conduction 多孔热弹介质中的非均质波传播与双相滞后热传导
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024053065
Manjeet Kumari, Priyanka Lather, Neelam Kumari, Pradeep Kaswan, Manjeet Kumar
We are examining a mathematical model incorporating a heat conduction dual-phase-lags (DPL) model. One may use this model to examine how thermoelastic waves behave in a porous thermoelastic material. A modified version of the Christoffel equations is extracted from the model to investigate the propagation of harmonic plane waves. We next solve these equations to get the complex velocities of waves in the medium. Four waves appear in the medium, and the equations explain their existence and propagation. We find the correlations between the displacements of solid and fluid particles and the wave-induced temperature in the medium. The study considers the case of inhomogeneous wave propagation, defined by a complex slowness vector specification with a finite non-dimensional parameter indicating the inhomogeneity degree. Each of the four attenuated waves propagating inhomogeneously through the porous aggregate has its phase velocities and attenuation coefficients determined. We calculate the velocities and attenuation of the compressional and shear waves using a numerical model of liquid-saturated sandstone. Their fluctuations with thermal and poroelastic parameters are depicted visually.
我们正在研究一个包含热传导双相滞后(DPL)模型的数学模型。我们可以用这个模型来研究热弹性波在多孔热弹性材料中的表现。我们从该模型中提取了克里斯托弗方程的修正版,以研究谐波平面波的传播。我们接下来求解这些方程,以得到波在介质中的复速度。介质中出现了四种波,方程解释了它们的存在和传播。我们发现了介质中固体和流体粒子的位移与波引起的温度之间的相关性。研究考虑了非均质波传播的情况,它由一个复杂的慢度矢量规格定义,并带有一个表示非均质程度的有限非维参数。在多孔集合体中不均匀传播的四种衰减波中,每种波的相速度和衰减系数都已确定。我们使用液体饱和砂岩的数值模型计算了压缩波和剪切波的速度和衰减。它们随热参数和孔弹性参数的波动情况将直观地显示出来。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of salt crystals in soil using electrochemical measurements 利用电化学测量法确定土壤中盐晶体的特征
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024052860
Ferid Mezdari, Walaeddine Maaoui, Faycel Tiss, Mustapha Najjari, Kamel Khirouni, Noureddine Hamdi
Soil salinization is considered among the most serious problems that affect irrigated lands and, thus, food security in the world. It is interesting to develop methods to test soil salinization. In this paper, the electric properties of sand-salt crystals (NaCl) mixtures (SSM) are investigated using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Seven samples were considered by mixing dry sand and salt crystals with different salt mass percentages (SMP) from 0% to 100%. The electrical responses are explored by measuring the electrical impedance and the global conductance for different SSM filling a small capacitive cell. The influence of frequency and SMP on the electrical conductance and the complex impedance are investigated. It was found that the conductance shows high dispersion with SMP at the whole frequency range and a high dispersion with frequency at low and high frequencies (≤103Hz and ≥105Hz). Impedance diagrams show a frequency dispersion at high and low frequencies that is modeled by an equivalent circuit constituted of three dipoles in series, each one formed by a pure resistance and a constant phase element in parallel. Findings characteristics are directly related to the rate of salt crystals in the samples. Then, the method developed in this work constitutes a non-destructive technique for detecting salt crystals in soils in arid regions and can be used to develop devices for in situ measurements.
土壤盐碱化被认为是影响灌溉土地,进而影响世界粮食安全的最严重问题之一。开发测试土壤盐碱化的方法很有意义。本文使用电阻抗光谱法研究了砂盐晶体(NaCl)混合物(SSM)的电特性。通过混合干砂和盐晶体(盐的质量百分比从 0% 到 100% 不等),研究了七种样品。通过测量不同 SSM 在小型电容池中的电阻抗和全局电导,研究了其电气响应。研究了频率和 SMP 对电导和复阻抗的影响。研究发现,在整个频率范围内,电导率随着 SMP 的变化而高度分散,在低频和高频(≤103Hz 和≥105Hz)时,电导率随着频率的变化而高度分散。阻抗图显示了高频和低频的频率频散,该频散由三个偶极子串联构成的等效电路模拟,每个偶极子由一个纯电阻和一个并联的恒相元件构成。结果特征与样品中盐晶体的速率直接相关。因此,本研究开发的方法是一种用于检测干旱地区土壤中盐晶体的非破坏性技术,可用于开发现场测量设备。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling of multiphase flow in low permeability porous media: Effect of wettability and Capillary numbers 低渗透性多孔介质中的多相流建模:润湿性和毛细管数的影响
IF 2.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2024053606
Mingjing Lu, Yuegang Wang
Shale oil reservoirs are characterized by dense, extremely low permeability, and poorly developed natural fractures, and hydraulic fracturing technology is often used in extraction to improve recovery. It is significant to clarify the mechanism and influence mechanism of the displacement in complex porous media coupled with fractures and matrix to enhance oil recovery. In this study, based on the lattice Boltzmann method utilizing the fracture-matrix pore coupling model, the authors carried out a study of displacement in organic and inorganic pore space and systematically investigated the influence mechanisms of wettability and Ca on the crude oil recovery rate. It was found that the stronger the wettability of the water phase, the higher the crude oil recovery rate, and the lower the residual oil in the form of adsorbed oil film; and the larger the Capillary numbers, the higher the crude oil recovery rate. Crude oil in organic pore space is more difficult to discharge compared with that in inorganic pore space, and the recovery rate of crude oil in organic pore space can be effectively improved by increasing the driving pressure and enhancing the properties of the water phase (fracturing fluid).
页岩油藏的特点是致密、渗透率极低、天然裂缝不发育,在开采中通常采用水力压裂技术提高采收率。阐明裂缝与基质耦合的复杂多孔介质中位移的机理和影响机制对提高石油采收率意义重大。在这项研究中,作者基于晶格玻尔兹曼法,利用裂缝-基质孔隙耦合模型,开展了有机和无机孔隙空间位移研究,系统研究了润湿性和 Ca 对原油采收率的影响机理。研究发现,水相润湿性越强,原油采收率越高,以吸附油膜形式存在的残油越少;毛细管数越大,原油采收率越高。有机孔隙中的原油比无机孔隙中的原油更难排出,通过增加驱动压力和提高水相(压裂液)的性能,可以有效提高有机孔隙中的原油采收率。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Porous Media
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