Early Maladaptive Schemas and Depression in Caregivers of Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum and Bipolar Disorders

IF 3.2 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Clinical psychology & psychotherapy Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI:10.1002/cpp.3000
George J. Karambelas, Linda K. Byrne, Kelly A. Allott, Anuradhi Jayasinghe, Amity E. Watson, Melissa Hasty, Craig Macneil, Kate Filia, Sue M. Cotton
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Abstract

Objectives

Early maladaptive schemas represent unhelpful frameworks of cognitions, emotions and subsequent behavioural responses and can be associated with depressive symptoms. Caregivers of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) frequently report experiencing depressive symptoms. It is unclear whether depressive symptoms in caregivers are influenced by schemas. We aimed to compare activated schemas in caregivers of people with schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) and bipolar disorder (BD) diagnoses and to determine whether they were differentially related to depressive symptoms.

Design and Methods

Caregivers completed validated measures of depression and schemas. Independent samples t-tests and multivariate generalised linear models were used to assess differences in schemas and depressive symptoms between caregiver groups. Interrelationships between schema domains and caregiver depressive symptoms were delineated using correlational analyses and forward stepwise regressions.

Results

One hundred eight caregivers participated in the study (SSD n = 68, BD n = 40). No differences in depressive symptom severity or activated schemas were observed between caregiver groups. All schemas were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and the Disconnection-Rejection schema domain explained the most variance in depressive symptoms in both caregiver groups.

Conclusions

Schemas contribute to the severity of caregiver depression regardless of whether the person receiving care is diagnosed with SSD or BD. Schema therapeutic frameworks may be beneficial for use with caregivers to address schemas within the Disconnection-Rejection domain and alleviate depressive symptoms by reducing experiences of social isolation and alienation.

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精神分裂症谱系障碍和双相情感障碍患者照顾者的早期适应不良模式和抑郁。
目的:早期适应不良图式代表了无益的认知框架、情绪和随后的行为反应,可能与抑郁症状有关。严重精神疾病(SMI)患者的照顾者经常会出现抑郁症状。目前还不清楚照顾者的抑郁症状是否受图式的影响。我们旨在比较精神分裂症谱系(SSD)和双相情感障碍(BD)患者护理者的激活图式,并确定它们是否与抑郁症状有不同的关系:设计: 护理人员完成了抑郁和模式的有效测量。采用独立样本 t 检验和多变量广义线性模型来评估不同照顾者群体之间在图式和抑郁症状方面的差异。利用相关分析和前向逐步回归法来界定图式域与照顾者抑郁症状之间的相互关系:共有 118 名照顾者参与了研究(SSD=68 人,BD=40 人)。在抑郁症状严重程度或激活的图式方面,护理人员组之间没有发现差异。所有图式都与抑郁症状明显相关,而 "断裂-排斥 "图式域对两组照顾者抑郁症状的解释差异最大:结论:无论接受护理的人被诊断出患有 SSD 还是 BD,图式都会导致护理者抑郁的严重程度。图式治疗框架可能有益于护理人员解决 "断裂-排斥 "领域中的图式问题,并通过减少社会隔离和疏远体验来缓解抑郁症状。
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来源期刊
Clinical psychology & psychotherapy
Clinical psychology & psychotherapy PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL-
CiteScore
6.30
自引率
5.60%
发文量
106
期刊介绍: Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy aims to keep clinical psychologists and psychotherapists up to date with new developments in their fields. The Journal will provide an integrative impetus both between theory and practice and between different orientations within clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy will be a forum in which practitioners can present their wealth of expertise and innovations in order to make these available to a wider audience. Equally, the Journal will contain reports from researchers who want to address a larger clinical audience with clinically relevant issues and clinically valid research.
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