RNA Encapsulation in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Targeting Cancer-Causing Genes

Abstract

A rapid emergence of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) is witnessed as a powerful tool in gene therapy for suppressing gene expression. Since highly porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are fragile and inefficient with non-specific gene delivery techniques, developing strategies use them to encapsulate unmodified natural siRNA from enzymatic degradation. MOFs with high nucleic acid binding affinity are ideal for encapsulating siRNAs in cancer therapy, bypassing circulation time and non-specificity. To knock down Plk1gene, tumor cell membranes can hide Plk1 siRNA-containing (Zeolitic Imidazolate framework) ZIF-8 nanoparticles. For tumor suppression MOF-promoted lysosome siRNA release, cell membrane coating, and PLK1 silencing are employed. Lysosomes attack cancer by delivering miRNA to targeted cells. Single-stranded miRNA, two-stranded siRNA. Despite their different sources, structures, modes of action, and biological activities, miRNA and siRNA regulate gene expression. SIRNA blocks genes more accurately than miRNA, which regulates larger genes. SiRNA-MOF integration in vitro results in a maximum of 27% consistent gene silencing during endocytic absorption. Cofactor-encapsulated MOF-internalized siRNA kills enzymes. A universal siRNA delivery for a specific genetic sequence with personalized therapeutic potential contrasts with multi-route cancer drugs. SiRNAs cleave long-stranded RNAs coding for specific genes, allowing biocompatible MOFs to encapsulate macromolecules and protect them from injury.