Complications of Implantation of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, are crucial for managing various cardiac conditions. However, their implantation is associated with a range of potential complications. This article investigates the incidence, types, and risk factors of complications arising from CIED implantation. Around 180.000 pacemakers are implanted every year in the USA [1]. Keeping in mind that pacemakers are implanted mainly in the elderly, the increasing proportion of this age group translates to a progressive increase in yearly implantations. A review of pacemakers implanted in adults shows an age interval of 69-86 years old, with 30-40% of patients >80 years old [2,3]. In a case series article, 218 patients were included in those undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation in the UHC "Mother Theresa" Tirana. Data were retrospectively collected from patients who underwent CIED implantation. The primary complications assessed included infection, lead dislodgement, device malfunction, hematoma, and vascular complications. Statistical analysis was performed to identify significant risk factors associated with these complications. Conclusions: This article underscores the importance of meticulous procedural techniques, thorough patient assessment, and post-implantation monitoring to minimize the risks associated with CIED implantation. Enhanced understanding of these complications can lead to improved patient outcomes and the development of strategies to mitigate risks in clinical practice. Keywords: permanent pacemaker implantation (ppm), cardiac implantable electronic device (cied), long-term care, postoperative complication