Impact of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 on the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are prevalent chronic conditions in the aging population. T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia, leading to long-term complications. AD, the most common form of dementia, is marked by progressive cognitive decline, amyloid-beta plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Epidemiological evidence suggests a significant correlation between T2DM and an increased risk of AD. This review explores the shared pathophysiological mechanisms linking T2DM and AD, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Insulin signaling in the brain is crucial for neuronal survival and cognitive function, and its disruption in T2DM contributes to AD pathology. Chronic hyperglycemia in T2DM induces oxidative stress and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), exacerbating neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Vascular complications in diabetes further impair cerebral blood flow, promoting neurodegeneration. Clinical implications highlight the necessity for integrated management strategies. Glycemic control, achieved through medications such as metformin and lifestyle interventions, can mitigate cognitive decline. Emerging therapies, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and intranasal insulin, show promise in addressing both metabolic and neurodegenerative aspects. Preventive measures, such as a balanced diet and regular physical activity, are crucial in reducing the risk of T2DM and AD. Future research should focus on understanding the precise mechanisms linking these diseases, optimizing therapeutic approaches, and exploring personalized medicine. This integrated perspective is essential for reducing the combined burden of T2DM and AD, ultimately improving patient outcomes.