Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2024.19.556004
Maria Isabel Gomez-Coral
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are prevalent chronic conditions in the aging population. T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia, leading to long-term complications. AD, the most common form of dementia, is marked by progressive cognitive decline, amyloid-beta plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Epidemiological evidence suggests a significant correlation between T2DM and an increased risk of AD. This review explores the shared pathophysiological mechanisms linking T2DM and AD, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Insulin signaling in the brain is crucial for neuronal survival and cognitive function, and its disruption in T2DM contributes to AD pathology. Chronic hyperglycemia in T2DM induces oxidative stress and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), exacerbating neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Vascular complications in diabetes further impair cerebral blood flow, promoting neurodegeneration. Clinical implications highlight the necessity for integrated management strategies. Glycemic control, achieved through medications such as metformin and lifestyle interventions, can mitigate cognitive decline. Emerging therapies, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and intranasal insulin, show promise in addressing both metabolic and neurodegenerative aspects. Preventive measures, such as a balanced diet and regular physical activity, are crucial in reducing the risk of T2DM and AD. Future research should focus on understanding the precise mechanisms linking these diseases, optimizing therapeutic approaches, and exploring personalized medicine. This integrated perspective is essential for reducing the combined burden of T2DM and AD, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
2 型糖尿病（T2DM）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）是老龄人口中普遍存在的慢性疾病。2 型糖尿病的特点是胰岛素抵抗和长期高血糖，会导致长期并发症。老年痴呆症（AD）是最常见的痴呆症，主要表现为认知能力逐渐下降、淀粉样蛋白-β斑块和神经纤维缠结。流行病学证据表明，T2DM 与 AD 风险增加之间存在显著相关性。本综述探讨了连接 T2DM 和 AD 的共同病理生理机制，包括胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激和炎症。大脑中的胰岛素信号传导对神经元的存活和认知功能至关重要，T2DM 中的胰岛素信号传导紊乱会导致 AD 病变。T2DM 中的慢性高血糖会诱发氧化应激和高级糖化终产物（AGEs）的形成，加剧神经元损伤和认知能力下降。糖尿病血管并发症会进一步损害脑血流，促进神经退行性变。对临床的影响凸显了综合管理策略的必要性。通过二甲双胍等药物和生活方式干预来控制血糖，可以缓解认知能力下降。包括 GLP-1 受体激动剂和鼻内胰岛素在内的新兴疗法有望同时解决代谢和神经退行性病变问题。均衡饮食和定期体育锻炼等预防措施对于降低 T2DM 和 AD 的风险至关重要。未来的研究应侧重于了解这些疾病的确切关联机制、优化治疗方法和探索个性化医疗。这种综合视角对于减轻 T2DM 和 AD 的综合负担，最终改善患者预后至关重要。
{"title":"Impact of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 on the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease","authors":"Maria Isabel Gomez-Coral","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2024.19.556004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2024.19.556004","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are prevalent chronic conditions in the aging population. T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia, leading to long-term complications. AD, the most common form of dementia, is marked by progressive cognitive decline, amyloid-beta plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Epidemiological evidence suggests a significant correlation between T2DM and an increased risk of AD. This review explores the shared pathophysiological mechanisms linking T2DM and AD, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Insulin signaling in the brain is crucial for neuronal survival and cognitive function, and its disruption in T2DM contributes to AD pathology. Chronic hyperglycemia in T2DM induces oxidative stress and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), exacerbating neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Vascular complications in diabetes further impair cerebral blood flow, promoting neurodegeneration. Clinical implications highlight the necessity for integrated management strategies. Glycemic control, achieved through medications such as metformin and lifestyle interventions, can mitigate cognitive decline. Emerging therapies, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and intranasal insulin, show promise in addressing both metabolic and neurodegenerative aspects. Preventive measures, such as a balanced diet and regular physical activity, are crucial in reducing the risk of T2DM and AD. Future research should focus on understanding the precise mechanisms linking these diseases, optimizing therapeutic approaches, and exploring personalized medicine. This integrated perspective is essential for reducing the combined burden of T2DM and AD, ultimately improving patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141824906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2024.18.555999
Moemi Matsuo
Background: Electroencephalogram patterns help in evaluating the extent of ischemic brain injury and predicting functional performance. Aim: To determine a possible correlation between attentional task performance and electroencephalogram waves. Methods: The cerebral activity of 12 healthy young adults was investigated using an electroencephalogram while they underwent the TrailMaking Test-A and B as attentional tasks. Results: A significant correlation was observed between a stronger occipital delta power during rest and higher error rates, as well as weaker temporal and central delta power during the Trail-Making Test-B and longer task completion times. Delta waves during both the resting-state and task conditions correlated with task performance, which might be affected by the induced cerebral lobes. Conclusion: The default mode network might predict attention deficits. Our findings further our understanding of the correlation between the default mode network and attentional task performance
{"title":"Decoding Attentional Task Performance Using Electroencephalogram Signals","authors":"Moemi Matsuo","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2024.18.555999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2024.18.555999","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Electroencephalogram patterns help in evaluating the extent of ischemic brain injury and predicting functional performance. Aim: To determine a possible correlation between attentional task performance and electroencephalogram waves. Methods: The cerebral activity of 12 healthy young adults was investigated using an electroencephalogram while they underwent the TrailMaking Test-A and B as attentional tasks. Results: A significant correlation was observed between a stronger occipital delta power during rest and higher error rates, as well as weaker temporal and central delta power during the Trail-Making Test-B and longer task completion times. Delta waves during both the resting-state and task conditions correlated with task performance, which might be affected by the induced cerebral lobes. Conclusion: The default mode network might predict attention deficits. Our findings further our understanding of the correlation between the default mode network and attentional task performance","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140262576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555988
T. Nakayama
The efficacy of levetiracetam (LEV) for childhood-onset refractory epilepsy was retrospectively evaluated from medical records, based on the level of intellectual disability. The study sample included 84 patients (68 adults, 16 children) with childhood- onset refractory epilepsy who had been treated with LEV (dose: adult, 1000 mg/day; children, 30 mg/kg/day) for approximately 1.7 years. The responder rates (≥ 50% and ≥ 75% reduction in seizure frequency from baseline) were 85.7% and 42.9% for focal seizures in adults with normal intelligence; the responder rates for focal seizures in adults with intellectual disabilities were average 69.0% and 6.9%, respectively. Serious adverse events were not observed. A high level (≧75%) of reduction can be expected for focal seizures in adults with normal intelligence but cannot be expected in adults with intellectual disabilities. Further studies are required to investigate these.
{"title":"Effects of Levetiracetam on Childhood-onset Refractory Epilepsy Classified by Level of Intellectual Disability","authors":"T. Nakayama","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555988","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of levetiracetam (LEV) for childhood-onset refractory epilepsy was retrospectively evaluated from medical records, based on the level of intellectual disability. The study sample included 84 patients (68 adults, 16 children) with childhood- onset refractory epilepsy who had been treated with LEV (dose: adult, 1000 mg/day; children, 30 mg/kg/day) for approximately 1.7 years. The responder rates (≥ 50% and ≥ 75% reduction in seizure frequency from baseline) were 85.7% and 42.9% for focal seizures in adults with normal intelligence; the responder rates for focal seizures in adults with intellectual disabilities were average 69.0% and 6.9%, respectively. Serious adverse events were not observed. A high level (≧75%) of reduction can be expected for focal seizures in adults with normal intelligence but cannot be expected in adults with intellectual disabilities. Further studies are required to investigate these.","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124966290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555987
María Alejandra Nieto‐Salazar
Locked-in syndrome is a rare neurological condition characterized by complete paralysis of all voluntary muscles except for the muscles controlling eye movement. It is caused by damage to the ventral part of the brainstem, often resulting from vascular events. The syndrome is devastating, as patients are fully conscious but unable to communicate verbally or move any body part except for vertical eye movements and blinking. LIS can be classified into subtypes based on the extent of motor involvement, including classic, incomplete, total, and total with anarthria. Diagnosis is challenging but relies on clinical presentation and neuroimaging studies. Differential diagnosis is essential to distinguish LIS from similar conditions with altered consciousness. Prognosis varies depending on the underlying cause, with younger age associated with better outcomes at the onset. Rehabilitation can improve motor function and communication capabilities, leading to a higher quality of life for LIS patients. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis are crucial for implementing appropriate management strategies and improving patient outcomes. Further research is needed to explore therapeutic interventions for enhancing recovery and functional independence in LIS patients.
{"title":"Unlocking the Clinical Manifestations and Classifications of Locked-In Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"María Alejandra Nieto‐Salazar","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555987","url":null,"abstract":"Locked-in syndrome is a rare neurological condition characterized by complete paralysis of all voluntary muscles except for the muscles controlling eye movement. It is caused by damage to the ventral part of the brainstem, often resulting from vascular events. The syndrome is devastating, as patients are fully conscious but unable to communicate verbally or move any body part except for vertical eye movements and blinking. LIS can be classified into subtypes based on the extent of motor involvement, including classic, incomplete, total, and total with anarthria. Diagnosis is challenging but relies on clinical presentation and neuroimaging studies. Differential diagnosis is essential to distinguish LIS from similar conditions with altered consciousness. Prognosis varies depending on the underlying cause, with younger age associated with better outcomes at the onset. Rehabilitation can improve motor function and communication capabilities, leading to a higher quality of life for LIS patients. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis are crucial for implementing appropriate management strategies and improving patient outcomes. Further research is needed to explore therapeutic interventions for enhancing recovery and functional independence in LIS patients.","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129812583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555986
Hojka Rowbottom
Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumour (DLGT) represents a rare type of neoplasm with a limited number of cases and an ambiguous prognosis. It is mainly diagnosed in children, more often in boys. The clinical presentation depends on the area of the central nervous system involved. The diagnostic process must be extremely broad. Currently, no therapeutic guidelines exist. In this report, we present a case of a 26-year-old man diagnosed with DLGT, who at the age of 10, had a pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) that was surgically removed and was afterwards treated with radiotherapy. After 16 years, his neurological condition deteriorated and an extensive diagnostic process was conducted, including molecular genetic testing using the next generation sequencing (NGS), that led to the diagnosis of DLGT. To our knowledge, we present the first reported case of a DLGT, diagnosed in an adult, who as a child was treated for a PA, and was not a case of a malignant transformation, but rather a case of two primary tumours of the central nervous system, in whom neurofibromatosis was excluded.
{"title":"Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumour: An Intriguing Case Report of an Adult Patient with a Previous Optic Astrocytoma","authors":"Hojka Rowbottom","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555986","url":null,"abstract":"Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumour (DLGT) represents a rare type of neoplasm with a limited number of cases and an ambiguous prognosis. It is mainly diagnosed in children, more often in boys. The clinical presentation depends on the area of the central nervous system involved. The diagnostic process must be extremely broad. Currently, no therapeutic guidelines exist. In this report, we present a case of a 26-year-old man diagnosed with DLGT, who at the age of 10, had a pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) that was surgically removed and was afterwards treated with radiotherapy. After 16 years, his neurological condition deteriorated and an extensive diagnostic process was conducted, including molecular genetic testing using the next generation sequencing (NGS), that led to the diagnosis of DLGT. To our knowledge, we present the first reported case of a DLGT, diagnosed in an adult, who as a child was treated for a PA, and was not a case of a malignant transformation, but rather a case of two primary tumours of the central nervous system, in whom neurofibromatosis was excluded.","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115036661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-06DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555985
María Alejandra Nieto‐Salazar
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination, leading to substantial disability and socioeconomic burden. With the absence of a definitive cure for MS, there is a critical need to explore neuroprotective strategies that can preserve neuronal function and impede disease progression. This article provides a comprehensive review of current knowledge and emerging therapeutic approaches to preserve neuronal function and promote repair in individuals with MS. The review highlights neuroprotective strategies, including immunomodulatory therapies, neuroreparative agents, and lifestyle modifications, that have shown promise in clinical studies. Additionally, the article discusses the potential of personalized treatment approaches based on individual MS profiles and the use of emerging neuroregenerative therapies to improve patients' quality of life and prevent relapses. By enhancing our understanding of these neuroprotective strategies, it is hoped that more effective management of MS can be achieved, reducing the disease's impact on patient's lives.
{"title":"Neuroprotective Strategies for Multiple Sclerosis: Advancing Therapeutic Approaches to Preserve Neuronal Function and Promote Repair","authors":"María Alejandra Nieto‐Salazar","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555985","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination, leading to substantial disability and socioeconomic burden. With the absence of a definitive cure for MS, there is a critical need to explore neuroprotective strategies that can preserve neuronal function and impede disease progression. This article provides a comprehensive review of current knowledge and emerging therapeutic approaches to preserve neuronal function and promote repair in individuals with MS. The review highlights neuroprotective strategies, including immunomodulatory therapies, neuroreparative agents, and lifestyle modifications, that have shown promise in clinical studies. Additionally, the article discusses the potential of personalized treatment approaches based on individual MS profiles and the use of emerging neuroregenerative therapies to improve patients' quality of life and prevent relapses. By enhancing our understanding of these neuroprotective strategies, it is hoped that more effective management of MS can be achieved, reducing the disease's impact on patient's lives.","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129029993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555984
M. Gomez
Delirium is described as an acute cognitive and attentional disorder that occurs over a short period. A rigorous cognitive evaluation and an acute history of symptoms are required for a diagnosis. It affects up to 50% of hospitalized patients above 65 years of age, costing well over US$164billion in the USA and more than $182 billion in 18 different European nations combined yearly. Delirium can be prevented by taking necessary precautions. Promising preventive measures, including cognitive stimulation, early mobilization, and medication review, have shown efficacy in reducing the incidence and severity of delirium. However, further research is warranted to deepen our understanding of the intricate interplay of risk factors and to develop precise interventions for effectively preventing and managing delirium. In this comprehensive overview, we explain the significance of early recognition of delirium by identifying the signs, symptoms and how it can be prevented and treated. Specifically, searches were conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and reviews related to the above information. The pathophysiology of delirium is complex and multifactorial. Understanding the pathophysiology of delirium involves considering various contributing factors, including neurotransmitter imbalances, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal network dysfunction. While several causes exist, up to 39% of delirium episodes are due to adverse drug effects. The diagnosis is based on a comprehensive assessment that integrates clinical history, physical examination, mental status examination, laboratory investigations, and, in some cases, neuroimaging. Several differential diagnoses should be considered when evaluating a patient with delirium, such as dementia, psychosis, and mood disorders. Management of delirium requires a multidimensional approach which includes addressing underlying causes, non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term effects of different treatment modalities and identifying personalized approaches for specific patient populations.
{"title":"An Overview of Delirium in Hospitalized Adults: Prevention, Identification, and Management","authors":"M. Gomez","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555984","url":null,"abstract":"Delirium is described as an acute cognitive and attentional disorder that occurs over a short period. A rigorous cognitive evaluation and an acute history of symptoms are required for a diagnosis. It affects up to 50% of hospitalized patients above 65 years of age, costing well over US$164billion in the USA and more than $182 billion in 18 different European nations combined yearly. Delirium can be prevented by taking necessary precautions. Promising preventive measures, including cognitive stimulation, early mobilization, and medication review, have shown efficacy in reducing the incidence and severity of delirium. However, further research is warranted to deepen our understanding of the intricate interplay of risk factors and to develop precise interventions for effectively preventing and managing delirium. In this comprehensive overview, we explain the significance of early recognition of delirium by identifying the signs, symptoms and how it can be prevented and treated. Specifically, searches were conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and reviews related to the above information. The pathophysiology of delirium is complex and multifactorial. Understanding the pathophysiology of delirium involves considering various contributing factors, including neurotransmitter imbalances, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal network dysfunction. While several causes exist, up to 39% of delirium episodes are due to adverse drug effects. The diagnosis is based on a comprehensive assessment that integrates clinical history, physical examination, mental status examination, laboratory investigations, and, in some cases, neuroimaging. Several differential diagnoses should be considered when evaluating a patient with delirium, such as dementia, psychosis, and mood disorders. Management of delirium requires a multidimensional approach which includes addressing underlying causes, non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term effects of different treatment modalities and identifying personalized approaches for specific patient populations.","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123441433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555982
María Alejandra Nieto‐Salazar
Phantom limb syndrome (PLS) is described as the perception of feelings originating from a limb that has been amputated or is otherwise absent [1]. Despite this physical absence, patients may experience various sensory and motor sensations as if the limb were still present. Phantom limb symptoms encompass a range of sensations, including the missing limb's presence, movements such as wiggling toes or opening and closing the hand, pressure, tingling, itching, temperature changes, and pain [1-3]. Phantom limb pain (PLP) is commonly encountered in these patients, and it can vary in intensity, duration, and quality, ranging from throbbing or stabbing sensations to burning or cramping feelings. There is a high statistical heterogeneity across prevalence studies due to the different time windows assessed [4-10]. However, it is estimated that approximately 60-80% of individuals who have undergone limb amputation may experience phantom limb sensations, and around 50-85% of those individuals may also experience phantom limb pain [11,12]. Several factors have been identified as potential risk factors for developing this type of pain, including the level of amputation, pre-existing pain, post-amputation pain, chronic pain history, and psychological factors (i.e., anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder) [12,13].
{"title":"Phantom Limb Pain: Current Concepts and Treatment Strategies","authors":"María Alejandra Nieto‐Salazar","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555982","url":null,"abstract":"Phantom limb syndrome (PLS) is described as the perception of feelings originating from a limb that has been amputated or is otherwise absent [1]. Despite this physical absence, patients may experience various sensory and motor sensations as if the limb were still present. Phantom limb symptoms encompass a range of sensations, including the missing limb's presence, movements such as wiggling toes or opening and closing the hand, pressure, tingling, itching, temperature changes, and pain [1-3]. Phantom limb pain (PLP) is commonly encountered in these patients, and it can vary in intensity, duration, and quality, ranging from throbbing or stabbing sensations to burning or cramping feelings. There is a high statistical heterogeneity across prevalence studies due to the different time windows assessed [4-10]. However, it is estimated that approximately 60-80% of individuals who have undergone limb amputation may experience phantom limb sensations, and around 50-85% of those individuals may also experience phantom limb pain [11,12]. Several factors have been identified as potential risk factors for developing this type of pain, including the level of amputation, pre-existing pain, post-amputation pain, chronic pain history, and psychological factors (i.e., anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder) [12,13].","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115125499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555981
Robert B Sica
Neurological conditions include diseases caused by faulty genes, degenerative diseases, diseases of blood vessels that supply the brain, injuries to the brain, seizure disorders, brain tumors, and brain infections, as well as developmental disorders. All of these conditions have a huge neuropsychological, psychosocial, and quality-of-life impact and represent a global public health challenge [1]. Neurosurgical options for diseases of the nervous system continue to expand in breadth and scope. These advances have been related in large part to progress in technology, translational application of molecular biology, and increased understanding of the physiological processes associated with neurological disease. Unfortunately, interventional surgical brain procedures can result in unavoidable secondary acute and delayed neurocognitive and neurological deficits.
{"title":"The Integration and Application of Neuropsychology into the Treatment and Care of Patients with Brain Conditions","authors":"Robert B Sica","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555981","url":null,"abstract":"Neurological conditions include diseases caused by faulty genes, degenerative diseases, diseases of blood vessels that supply the brain, injuries to the brain, seizure disorders, brain tumors, and brain infections, as well as developmental disorders. All of these conditions have a huge neuropsychological, psychosocial, and quality-of-life impact and represent a global public health challenge [1]. Neurosurgical options for diseases of the nervous system continue to expand in breadth and scope. These advances have been related in large part to progress in technology, translational application of molecular biology, and increased understanding of the physiological processes associated with neurological disease. Unfortunately, interventional surgical brain procedures can result in unavoidable secondary acute and delayed neurocognitive and neurological deficits.","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121185826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555977
Xiang Li
With the increasing improvement of living standards, stroke also has a very high incidence rate in the world, in which ischemic stroke accounts for 60%-80% [1]. But many people, even medical students, know very little about stroke treatment. Therefore, I intend to write a review of the treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS), which will give the reading public a systematic understanding of the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, reduce the public’s fear of stroke, and make patients and their families trust doctors. This article focuses on the treatment options for mild ischemic stroke and heavy ischemic stroke. The treatment options for mild ischemic stroke are thrombolytic therapy or short-term dual antiplatelet therapy [2]; the treatment options for heavy ischemic stroke are bridging therapy or direct endovascular intervention.
{"title":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management: A Systematic Review","authors":"Xiang Li","doi":"10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2023.18.555977","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing improvement of living standards, stroke also has a very high incidence rate in the world, in which ischemic stroke accounts for 60%-80% [1]. But many people, even medical students, know very little about stroke treatment. Therefore, I intend to write a review of the treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS), which will give the reading public a systematic understanding of the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, reduce the public’s fear of stroke, and make patients and their families trust doctors. This article focuses on the treatment options for mild ischemic stroke and heavy ischemic stroke. The treatment options for mild ischemic stroke are thrombolytic therapy or short-term dual antiplatelet therapy [2]; the treatment options for heavy ischemic stroke are bridging therapy or direct endovascular intervention.","PeriodicalId":317103,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115785782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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