Templating-induced graphitization of novolac using graphene oxide additives

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Carbon Trends Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI:10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100388
Sandra N Ike , Randy Vander Wal
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Abstract

Increasing graphite demand for energy storage applications creates the need to make graphite using precursors and processes that are affordable and friendly to the environment. Non-graphitizing precursors such as biomass or polymers are known for their low cost and sustainability; therefore, graphitizing them will be an accomplishment. In this work, a process of converting a non-graphitizing precursor, phenolic resin novolac (N), into a graphitic carbon is presented. This was achieved by the addition of five additives categorized as graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives with varied oxygen concentrations. The hypothesis is that the additives act as templates that promote matrix aromatic alignment to their basal planes during carbonization (physical templating) in addition to forming radical sites that bond to the decomposing matrix (chemical templating). Results showed that the addition of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) additives of approximately 15.4 at.(%) oxygen content to the novolac matrix (RGO-N) show the best graphitic quality. In contrast, the addition of GO additive of twice or more oxygen content ≥ 30.8 at.(%) to the novolac matrix (GO-N) led to poor graphitic quality. This suggests that there is an optimum amount of oxygen content in GO additives needed to induce graphitization of the novolac matrix.

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使用氧化石墨烯添加剂对酚醛进行模板化诱导石墨化
储能应用领域对石墨的需求日益增长,因此需要使用经济实惠且对环境友好的前驱体和工艺来制造石墨。生物质或聚合物等非石墨化前驱体以其低成本和可持续性而著称;因此,将它们石墨化将是一项成就。在这项工作中,介绍了将非石墨化前体--酚醛树脂酚醛(N)转化为石墨碳的过程。这是通过添加五种添加剂实现的,这些添加剂被归类为氧化石墨烯(GO)及其衍生物,氧的浓度各不相同。假设是添加剂在碳化过程中起到模板的作用,除了形成与分解基质结合的自由基位点(化学模板)外,还能促进基质芳香族向其基面排列(物理模板)。结果表明,在酚醛基质(RGO-N)中添加氧含量约为 15.4 at.(%) 的还原型氧化石墨烯添加剂可获得最佳的石墨质量。相比之下,在酚醛基质(GO-N)中添加氧含量≥ 30.8 at.(%) 的两倍或更多的 GO 添加剂,石墨质量较差。这表明,要使酚醛基质石墨化,GO 添加剂中的氧含量需要达到一个最佳量。
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来源期刊
Carbon Trends
Carbon Trends Materials Science-Materials Science (miscellaneous)
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
88
审稿时长
77 days
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