{"title":"Templating-induced graphitization of novolac using graphene oxide additives","authors":"Sandra N Ike , Randy Vander Wal","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100388","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increasing graphite demand for energy storage applications creates the need to make graphite using precursors and processes that are affordable and friendly to the environment. Non-graphitizing precursors such as biomass or polymers are known for their low cost and sustainability; therefore, graphitizing them will be an accomplishment. In this work, a process of converting a non-graphitizing precursor, phenolic resin novolac (N), into a graphitic carbon is presented<em>.</em> This was achieved by the addition of five additives categorized as graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives with varied oxygen concentrations. The hypothesis is that the additives act as templates that promote matrix aromatic alignment to their basal planes during carbonization (<em>physical templating</em>) in addition to forming radical sites that bond to the decomposing matrix (<em>chemical templating).</em> Results showed that the addition of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) additives of approximately 15.4 at.(%) oxygen content to the novolac matrix (RGO-N) show the best graphitic quality. In contrast, the addition of GO additive of twice or more oxygen content ≥ 30.8 at.(%) to the novolac matrix (GO-N) led to poor graphitic quality. This suggests that there is an optimum amount of oxygen content in GO additives needed to induce graphitization of the novolac matrix.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000695/pdfft?md5=15c407e3352cfa043fab0f2695d0d583&pid=1-s2.0-S2667056924000695-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Carbon Trends","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000695","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Increasing graphite demand for energy storage applications creates the need to make graphite using precursors and processes that are affordable and friendly to the environment. Non-graphitizing precursors such as biomass or polymers are known for their low cost and sustainability; therefore, graphitizing them will be an accomplishment. In this work, a process of converting a non-graphitizing precursor, phenolic resin novolac (N), into a graphitic carbon is presented. This was achieved by the addition of five additives categorized as graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives with varied oxygen concentrations. The hypothesis is that the additives act as templates that promote matrix aromatic alignment to their basal planes during carbonization (physical templating) in addition to forming radical sites that bond to the decomposing matrix (chemical templating). Results showed that the addition of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) additives of approximately 15.4 at.(%) oxygen content to the novolac matrix (RGO-N) show the best graphitic quality. In contrast, the addition of GO additive of twice or more oxygen content ≥ 30.8 at.(%) to the novolac matrix (GO-N) led to poor graphitic quality. This suggests that there is an optimum amount of oxygen content in GO additives needed to induce graphitization of the novolac matrix.