Numerical modeling of development of Leandras and Double Bopper Caves, Grand Canyon, USA

Abstract

The Grand Canyon is famous for its awe-inspiring natural wonders, including its caves. Double Bopper and Leandras caves have some of the longest passage lengths in the world and are nestled within the limestone of the Redwall Formation, featuring an intricate maze-like pattern. This study explored previous hypotheses about the formation of these caves. To simulate their development, multiple scenarios were tested utilizing the numerical model CAVE. Model simulation accuracy was evaluated through multivariate statistical analysis. The findings indicated that the intersection of faults surrounding the caves created a highly permeable zone, allowing meteoric and hypogene water to move freely, with or without a single point source of percolation. Given the uncertainty about past hydrogeologic conditions, the caves are estimated to have taken from 4 to 10 million years to develop, consistent with previous studies.