Efficient Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Pomelo Peel by Sequential Ultrasonic and Radio Frequency Treatment

Abstract

The aim of this study was to optimize sequential ultrasound-radio frequency–assisted extraction (URAE) of pectin from pomelo peel. Effects of sonication power and time, radio frequency (RF) heating temperature, and time on the pectin yield (PY) were evaluated. Based upon optimized URAE parameters, the yield, physicochemical, and structure properties of pectin recovered from sequential radio frequency-ultrasound–assisted extraction (RUAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and RF-assisted extraction (RFAE) were also compared. A maximal PY of 28.36 ± 0.85% was attained at the optimized URAE conditions including solvent pH of 1.5 (citric acid), sonication at 183 W for 24 min, and RF heating at 87 °C for 23 min. Although all four samples had a high degree of esterification more than 50%, URAE was the lowest. No significant changes were observed in the types of monosaccharides among different samples. Furthermore, all four samples (6.6–10.3 mg GAE/g) showed significantly higher total phenolic content than those of commercial citrus pectin (1.2 mg GAE/g), and among them, RFAE was the highest with the best antioxidant capacity. The water and oil holding capacities of the four samples were between 3.5 to 4.0 and 2.6 to 3.0 g/g, respectively, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between each other. Structure properties indicated that there were no significant differences in the main chemical structures among the four pectin samples. Morphology analysis of URAE showed a more compact, smoother, and flatter surface than that of RUAE and RFAE. The results observed in this paper suggest that sequential URAE is an efficient strategy for the recovery of high-quality pectins.