B cell academy of the gut: an update on gut associated germinal centre B cell dynamics.

IF 2.4 Q1 PEDIATRICS Molecular and cellular pediatrics Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI:10.1186/s40348-024-00180-y
Christopher Wichmann, Elisa Wirthgen, Carla R Nowosad, Jan Däbritz
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Abstract

Background: The gut is an environment in which the immune system closely interacts with a vast number of foreign antigens, both inert such as food and alive, from the viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoal microbiota. Within this environment, germinal centres, which are microanatomical structures where B cells affinity-mature, are chronically present and active.

Main body: The functional mechanism by which gut-associated germinal centres contribute to gut homeostasis is not well understood. Additionally, the role of T cells in class switching to immunoglobulin A and the importance of B cell affinity maturation in homeostasis remains elusive. Here, we provide a brief overview of the dynamics of gut-associated germinal centres, T cell dependency in Immunoglobulin A class switching, and the current state of research regarding the role of B cell selection in germinal centres in the gut under steady-state conditions in gnotobiotic mouse models and complex microbiota, as well as in response to immunization and microbial colonization. Furthermore, we briefly link those processes to immune system maturation and relevant diseases.

Conclusion: B cell response at mucosal surfaces consists of a delicate interplay of many dynamic factors, including the microbiota and continuous B cell influx. The rapid turnover within gut-associated germinal centres and potential influences of an early-life window of immune system imprinting complicate B cell dynamics in the gut.

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肠道 B 细胞学院:肠道相关生殖中心 B 细胞动态的最新进展。
背景:肠道是免疫系统与来自病毒、细菌、真菌和原生动物微生物群的大量外来抗原密切接触的环境。在这种环境中,B 细胞亲和成熟的微解剖结构--生殖中心长期存在并活跃:肠道相关生殖中心促进肠道平衡的功能机制尚不十分清楚。此外,T细胞在免疫球蛋白A类转换中的作用以及B细胞亲和性成熟在平衡中的重要性仍然难以捉摸。在此,我们简要概述了肠道相关生发中心的动态、T 细胞在免疫球蛋白 A 类转换中的依赖性、在无生物小鼠模型和复杂微生物群的稳态条件下肠道生发中心中 B 细胞选择作用的研究现状,以及对免疫和微生物定植的反应。此外,我们还简要地将这些过程与免疫系统成熟和相关疾病联系起来:结论:粘膜表面的 B 细胞反应由许多动态因素的微妙相互作用组成,其中包括微生物群和持续的 B 细胞流入。肠道相关生殖中心内的快速更替以及生命早期免疫系统印记窗口的潜在影响使肠道中的 B 细胞动态变得复杂。
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