The interplay of maternal and paternal postpartum depressive symptoms with children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms from childhood to adolescence: does socioeconomic status matter? A longitudinal cohort study

IF 6.5 1区医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI:10.1111/jcpp.14051

Myriam Clément, Marilyn N. Ahun, Massimiliano Orri, Tina C. Montreuil, Martin St-André, Catherine M. Herba, Gregory Moullec, Sylvana M Côté

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Abstract

Background

Maternal postpartum depression is an important risk factor for internalizing and externalizing problems in children. The role of concurrent paternal depression remains unclear, especially by socioeconomic status. This study examined independent and interactive associations of postpartum maternal and paternal depression with children's internalizing/externalizing symptoms throughout childhood and adolescence (ages 3.5–17 years).

Methods

We used data from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, a representative birth cohort (1997–1998) in Canada. Data included self-reported maternal and paternal depressive symptoms at 5 months' postpartum using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children were reported by parents, teachers and children/adolescents using the Social Behaviour Questionnaire (ages 3.5–13 years) and the Mental Health and Social Inadaptation Assessment for Adolescents (ages 15–17 years). We used three-level mixed effects modelling to test associations after adjusting for confounding factors.

Results

With 168 single-parent families excluded, our sample consisted of 1,700 families with useable data. Of these, 275 (16.2%) families reported maternal depression (clinically elevated symptoms), 135 (7.9%) paternal depression and 39 (2.3%) both. In families with high socioeconomic status, maternal depression was associated with greater child internalizing (β = .34; p < .001) and externalizing symptoms (β = .22; p = .002), regardless of the presence/absence of paternal depression. In families with low socioeconomic status, associations with symptoms were stronger with concurrent paternal depression (internalizing, β = .84, p < .001; externalizing, β = .71, p = .003) than without (internalizing, β = .30, p < .001; externalizing, β = .24, p = .002).

Conclusions

Maternal depression increases the risk for children's internalizing/externalizing problems in all socioeconomic contexts. In families with low socioeconomic status, risks were exacerbated by concurrent paternal depression. Postpartum depression, especially in low socioeconomic environments, should be a primary focus to optimize mental health across generations.

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母亲和父亲产后抑郁症状与儿童从童年到青春期的内化和外化症状之间的相互作用：社会经济地位是否重要？纵向队列研究

背景母亲产后抑郁是导致儿童内化和外化问题的重要风险因素。父亲同时患有抑郁症的作用仍不清楚，尤其是在社会经济地位方面。本研究探讨了产后母亲和父亲抑郁与儿童整个童年和青春期（3.5-17 岁）的内化/外化症状之间的独立和交互关联。数据包括母亲和父亲在产后 5 个月使用流行病学研究中心抑郁量表自我报告的抑郁症状。儿童的内化和外化症状由父母、教师和儿童/青少年使用社会行为问卷（3.5-13 岁）和青少年心理健康和社会适应评估（15-17 岁）报告。在对混杂因素进行调整后，我们使用三级混合效应模型来检验相关性。结果除去 168 个单亲家庭，我们的样本包括 1700 个有可用数据的家庭。其中，275 个家庭（16.2%）报告了母亲抑郁（临床症状升高），135 个家庭（7.9%）报告了父亲抑郁，39 个家庭（2.3%）报告了母亲和父亲都抑郁。在社会经济地位较高的家庭中，无论父亲是否患有抑郁症，母亲抑郁与儿童内化症状（β = .34；p < .001）和外化症状（β = .22；p = .002）的增加有关。在社会经济地位较低的家庭中，如果同时存在父亲抑郁（内化，β = .84，p < .001；外化，β = .71，p = .003），症状与父亲抑郁（内化，β = .30，p < .001；外化，β = .24，p = .002）之间的关联更强。在社会经济地位较低的家庭中，父亲同时患有抑郁症会加剧风险。产后抑郁，尤其是在社会经济地位较低的环境中，应成为优化跨代心理健康的首要关注点。

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来源期刊

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 医学-精神病学

CiteScore

13.80

自引率

5.30%

发文量

169

审稿时长

1 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (JCPP) is a highly regarded international publication that focuses on the fields of child and adolescent psychology and psychiatry. It is recognized for publishing top-tier, clinically relevant research across various disciplines related to these areas. JCPP has a broad global readership and covers a diverse range of topics, including: Epidemiology: Studies on the prevalence and distribution of mental health issues in children and adolescents. Diagnosis: Research on the identification and classification of childhood disorders. Treatments: Psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions for child and adolescent mental health. Behavior and Cognition: Studies on the behavioral and cognitive aspects of childhood disorders. Neuroscience and Neurobiology: Research on the neural and biological underpinnings of child mental health. Genetics: Genetic factors contributing to the development of childhood disorders. JCPP serves as a platform for integrating empirical research, clinical studies, and high-quality reviews from diverse perspectives, theoretical viewpoints, and disciplines. This interdisciplinary approach is a key feature of the journal, as it fosters a comprehensive understanding of child and adolescent mental health. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry is published 12 times a year and is affiliated with the Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health (ACAMH), which supports the journal's mission to advance knowledge and practice in the field of child and adolescent mental health.