Temperamental Shyness, Peer Competence, and Loneliness in Middle Childhood: The Role of Positive Emotion

Qiong Wu, Karina Jalapa, Chorong Lee, Xinyun Kaikai Zhang, Mickey Langlais
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Abstract

Guided by the conceptual frameworks of social withdrawal (Rubin, K. H., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2021). Perspectives on social withdrawal in childhood: Past, present, and prospects. Child Development Perspectives, 15(3), 160–167.) and emotion socialization (Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241–273.; Morris, (A) S., Criss, M. M., Silk, J. S., & Houltberg, (B) J. (2017). The impact of parenting on emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 11(4), 233–238.), the current study examined multifaceted relations among temperamental shyness, peer competence, and loneliness and focused on the role of socializing and expressing positive emotion in middle childhood. Participants included 1,364 families, among whom mothers reported children’s temperament when children were 4.5 years old. Mothers and alternative caregivers (usually fathers) independently rated family expressiveness when children were 8–9 years old. Mothers rated their children’s peer competence, and children’s positive affect with peers were observed when children were ages 8–9 and 10–11. Children self-rated their loneliness levels at ages 10–11. A path model revealed a moderated mediation effect, such that family positive expressiveness moderated the sequential mediation pathway from child temperamental shyness through child peer competence at ages 8–9 and positive affect with peers at ages 10–11 to loneliness at ages 10–11. This sequential mediation was significant only under low but not high levels of family positive expressiveness. Findings support the importance of socializing positive emotion in the context of temperamental shyness and have implications for family-based intervention strategies aimed at children exhibiting high temperamental shyness.

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中年期的脾气害羞、同伴能力和孤独感:积极情绪的作用
在社会退缩概念框架的指导下(Rubin, K. H., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2021)。儿童期社交退缩的视角:过去、现在和前景。Child Development Perspectives, 15(3), 160-167.) and emotion socialization (Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998).父母的情感社会化。Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273.; Morris, (A) S., Criss, M. M., Silk, J. S., & Houltberg, (B) J. (2017).养育对童年和青春期情绪调节的影响》。Child Development Perspectives, 11(4), 233-238.),本研究考察了脾气害羞、同伴能力和孤独感之间的多方面关系,并重点关注了社交和表达积极情绪在儿童中期的作用。研究对象包括 1,364 个家庭,其中母亲在孩子 4.5 岁时报告了孩子的性情。在孩子 8-9 岁时,母亲和替代照料者(通常是父亲)分别对家庭表达能力进行评分。在儿童 8-9 岁和 10-11 岁时,母亲对其子女的同伴能力进行评分,并观察儿童对同伴的积极影响。儿童在 10-11 岁时对自己的孤独程度进行了自我评价。路径模型显示了一种调节中介效应,即家庭的积极表达能力调节了从儿童脾气害羞、8-9 岁时的同伴能力和 10-11 岁时与同伴的积极情感到 10-11 岁时的孤独感之间的顺序中介路径。只有在家庭积极表现力水平较低而不是较高的情况下,这种顺序中介作用才显著。研究结果表明,积极情绪的社会化对脾气暴躁害羞的儿童非常重要,并对针对脾气暴躁害羞儿童的家庭干预策略具有重要意义。
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期刊介绍: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology brings together the latest innovative research that advances knowledge of psychopathology from infancy through adolescence. The journal publishes studies that have a strong theoretical framework and use a diversity of methods, with an emphasis on empirical studies of the major forms of psychopathology found in childhood disorders (e.g., disruptive behavior disorders, depression, anxiety, and autism spectrum disorder). Studies focus on the epidemiology, etiology, assessment, treatment, prognosis, and developmental course of these forms of psychopathology. Studies highlighting risk and protective factors; the ecology and correlates of children''s emotional, social, and behavior problems; and advances in prevention and treatment are featured. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology is the official journal of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (ISRCAP), a multidisciplinary scientific society.
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