Blood–brain barrier breakdown in dementia with Lewy bodies

Abstract

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction has been viewed as a potential underlying mechanism of neurodegenerative disorders, possibly involved in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, a relation between BBB dysfunction and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has yet to be systematically investigated. Given the overlapping clinical features and neuropathology of AD and DLB, we sought to evaluate BBB permeability in the context of DLB and determine its association with plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). For this prospective study, we examined healthy controls (n = 24, HC group) and patients diagnosed with AD (n = 29) or DLB (n = 20) between December 2020 and April 2022. Based on DCE-MRI studies, mean rates of contrast agent transfer from intra- to extravascular spaces (Ktrans) were calculated within regions of interest. Spearman’s correlation and multivariate linear regression were applied to analyze associations between Ktrans and specific clinical characteristics. In members of the DLB (vs HC) group, Ktrans values of cerebral cortex (p = 0.024), parietal lobe (p = 0.007), and occipital lobe (p = 0.014) were significantly higher; and Ktrans values of cerebral cortex (p = 0.041) and occipital lobe (p = 0.018) in the DLB group were significantly increased, relative to those of the AD group. All participants also showed increased Ktrans values of parietal ( $$\upbeta$$ = 0.391; p = 0.001) and occipital ( $$\upbeta$$ = 0.357; p = 0.002) lobes that were significantly associated with higher scores of the Clinical Dementia Rating, once adjusted for age and sex. Similarly, increased Ktrans values of cerebral cortex ( $$\upbeta$$ = 0.285; p = 0.015), frontal lobe ( $$\upbeta$$ = 0.237; p = 0.043), and parietal lobe ( $$\upbeta$$ = 0.265; p = 0.024) were significantly linked to higher plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios, after above adjustments. BBB leakage is a common feature of DLB and possibly is even more severe than in the setting of AD for certain regions of the brain. BBB leakage appears to correlate with plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio and dementia severity.