Identification of Plant Peroxidases Catalyzing the Degradation of Fluorinated Aromatics Using a Peroxidase Library Approach

Abstract

In this work, the degradation of mono- and polyfluorinated phenolic compounds was demonstrated by a series of crude plant peroxidases, including horseradish root (HRP) and six members of the Cucurbita genus. Highly active samples were identified using a library screening approach in which more than 50 crude plant samples were initially evaluated for defluorination activity toward 4-fluorophenol. The highest concentrations were observed in the HRP, pumpkin skin (PKS), and butternut squash skin (BNS), which consistently gave the highest intrinsic rates of decomposition for all the substrates tested. Although HRP exhibited a significant decrease in activity with increased fluorination of the phenolic substrate, PKS showed only minor reductions. Furthermore, in silico studies indicated that the active site of HRP poorly accommodates the steric bulk of additional fluorines, causing the substrate to dock farther from the catalytic heme and thus slowing the catalysis rate. We propose that the PKS active site might be larger, allowing closer access to the perfluorinated substrate, and therefore maintaining higher activity compared to the HRP enzyme. However, detailed kinetic characterization studies of the peroxidases are recommended. Conclusively, the high catalytic activity of PKS and its high yield per gram of tissue make it an excellent candidate for developing environmentally friendly biocatalytic methods for degrading fluorinated aromatics. Finally, the success of the library approach in identifying highly active samples for polyfluorinated aromatic compound (PFAC) degradation suggests the method may find utility in the quest for other advanced catalysts for PFAS degradation.