The diversity of bronze production technologies during the Eastern Zhou dynasty revealed by analysis of slags from the Baidian and Xincun sites in Central China

IF 2.6 1区 艺术学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Heritage Science Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI:10.1186/s40494-024-01449-1
Cong Wang, Zhenlong Gao, Qingzhu Wang, Jun Gao, Quanyu Wang
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Abstract

The Eastern Zhou period of China, characterised by complex interactions among vassal states, witnessed significant advancements in bronze production technology. However, the investigation of interactions based on technological comparison among dominant and dependent states remains limited. Focusing on two newly excavated foundry sites, Baidian in Houma, Shanxi, and Xincun in Hebi, Henan, this study provides crucial insights into the bronze production technologies and material sources used by Jin, a major vassal state in Central China, and Wei, a dependent state of Jin, during the Eastern Zhou period. Elemental analysis and microstructural examinations of slags, fragments of crucible wall and furnace wall, show the diversity of bronze production techniques between these two sites: in the Baidian site, bronzes were predominantly produced by co-melting of metallic copper and tin, and remelting of recycled bronzes, whereas in the Xincun site, bronze were probably made by co-melting of copper and tin ore. Furthermore, lead isotope analysis results suggest that the lead materials used for the bronze production at both the sites were likely from the Xiaoqinling region. Integrated with the historical background of complex interactions among vassal states, these findings not only shed light on the technological advancements and resource networks of the Jin and Wei states but also explain the relationships between technology, resources and social dynamics from various perspective. Hopefully this research would promote archeometallurgical study among regions and be applied to other Bronze Age cultures in the world.

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通过分析华中白店和新村遗址的炉渣揭示东周时期青铜生产技术的多样性
中国东周时期诸侯国之间的互动十分复杂,见证了青铜器生产技术的重大进步。然而,基于诸侯国与附属国之间技术比较的互动研究仍然有限。本研究以山西侯马白店和河南鹤壁新村两处新发掘的铸造遗址为重点,对东周时期中原主要诸侯国晋国和晋国属国卫国的青铜生产技术和材料来源进行了深入探讨。通过对炉渣、坩埚壁和炉壁碎片的元素分析和微观结构检测,可以看出这两个遗址青铜器生产技术的多样性:在白店遗址,青铜器主要是通过金属铜和锡的共熔以及回收青铜器的重熔生产出来的;而在新村遗址,青铜器可能是通过铜矿和锡矿的共熔生产出来的。此外,铅同位素分析结果表明,两处遗址生产青铜器所用的铅材料都可能来自小秦岭地区。结合诸侯国之间复杂互动的历史背景,这些发现不仅揭示了晋魏两国的技术进步和资源网络,还从不同角度解释了技术、资源和社会动态之间的关系。希望这项研究能促进地区间的考古冶金学研究,并应用于世界其他青铜时代文化。
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来源期刊
Heritage Science
Heritage Science Arts and Humanities-Conservation
CiteScore
4.00
自引率
20.00%
发文量
183
审稿时长
19 weeks
期刊介绍: Heritage Science is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research covering: Understanding of the manufacturing processes, provenances, and environmental contexts of material types, objects, and buildings, of cultural significance including their historical significance. Understanding and prediction of physico-chemical and biological degradation processes of cultural artefacts, including climate change, and predictive heritage studies. Development and application of analytical and imaging methods or equipments for non-invasive, non-destructive or portable analysis of artwork and objects of cultural significance to identify component materials, degradation products and deterioration markers. Development and application of invasive and destructive methods for understanding the provenance of objects of cultural significance. Development and critical assessment of treatment materials and methods for artwork and objects of cultural significance. Development and application of statistical methods and algorithms for data analysis to further understanding of culturally significant objects. Publication of reference and corpus datasets as supplementary information to the statistical and analytical studies above. Description of novel technologies that can assist in the understanding of cultural heritage.
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