Aerial dispersal of Venturia inaequalis ascospores with under-canopy sprinkler irrigation for apple scab management

Abstract

Sprinkler irrigation systems can release ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, the cause of apple scab, from infected leaves on the ground under conditions unsuitable for infection, and thus reducing the primary inoculum. Under-canopy irrigation was carried out for two hours in the middle of the day over overwintered apple leaves heavily infected with scab, either in a wind-protected enclosure or in a wind-exposed orchard. Ascospores were captured with rotating-arm spore traps at heights ranging from 0.3 m to 3.0 m above the ground. Ascospores dispersed above the irrigated layer and were detected at all heights above the sprinklers. Wind played a critical role in spore transport, evident from the set-up where wind interference was minimised by a wind fence, resulting in higher airborne spore numbers across all measured heights compared with the orchard exposed to unrestricted wind conditions. Furthermore, vertical temperature gradients significantly correlated with spore distributions, particularly where negative gradients at heights between 0.3 m and 0.05 m and positive gradients at heights between 1.0 m and 0.3 m led to spore retention within the irrigated zone. The findings highlight that ascospores, dispersed above the irrigated layers, could settle on susceptible tissues. It thus becomes imperative to ensure a rain-free period of at least 24 h post-irrigation and, if a rainfall shortly occurs after irrigation, the application of curative fungicides becomes essential following unexpected rain. Reliable weather forecasts are therefore crucial in determining the effectiveness of under-canopy irrigation to reduce apple scab incidence.