Differential plasma cytokine variation following X-ray or proton brain irradiation using machine-learning approaches

Abstract

Purpose

X-ray and proton irradiation have been reported to induce distinct modifications in cytokine expression in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a dissimilar inflammatory response between X-rays and protons. We aimed to investigate the differences in cytokine profiles early following fractionated brain irradiation with X-rays or protons and their relationship with leukocyte subpopulations in rodents.

Materials and methods

Our study utilized data from 80 tumor-free mice subjected to X-ray or proton brain irradiation in four fractions of 2.5 Gy. Sixteen non-irradiated mice were used as the controls. Blood was collected 12 h postirradiation to examine the profile of 13 cytokines. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and tree-based modeling were used to investigate the relationship between cytokine levels and leukocyte subpopulation variations following irradiation in the blood.

Results

Regardless of the irradiation type, brain irradiation resulted in a notable elevation in the plasma levels of IFN-γ and MCP-1. The use of either X-ray or proton beam had differential effect on plasma cytokine levels following brain irradiation. Specifically, X-ray irradiation was associated with significantly increased plasma levels of IFN-β, IL-12p70, and IL-23, along with a decreased level of IL-1α, in comparison to proton irradiation. Correlation analysis revealed distinct cytokine regulatory patterns between X-ray and proton brain irradiation. PCA highlighted the association of MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, and IFN-γ with neutrophils, monocytes, and naïve T-cells following X-ray irradiation. TNF-α and IL-23 levels correlated with naïve CD4+-cells following proton irradiation. Tree-based models demonstrated that high TNF-α level resulted in an increase in naïve T-cells, neutrophils, and monocytes, whereas low IL-6 level was associated with decreases in these cell counts.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed distinct inflammatory responses induced by X-ray irradiation in contrast to proton brain irradiation, as demonstrated by the differential regulation of cytokines in the bloodstream. Moreover, the study highlighted the association between specific cytokine levels and various leukocyte subpopulations. Further investigation is essential to accurately determine the impact of proton and X-ray brain irradiation on the inflammatory response and the efficacy of radiotherapy treatment.