Crosstalk between phytohormones and pesticides: Insights into unravelling the crucial roles of plant growth regulators in improving crop resilience to pesticide stress

Abstract

In conventional agricultural practices, pesticides are applied to protect crops from harmful insect pests; however, pervasive usage in high-yield crop systems poses a significant risk to the viability and sustainability of agroecosystems. Agricultural output may be adversely affected by pesticide deposition in the soil as it affects biochemical interactions between plants and soil. Pesticides cause oxidative stress by blocking physiological and biochemical pathways and disrupting the photosynthetic machinery of plants. When exposed to abiotic challenges, plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as auxin, gibberellins, cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BR), and 24-epibrassinolides (EBL) reduce pesticide toxicity by strengthening antioxidant defence mechanisms and enhancing tolerance to stressful conditions. By modulating a variety of physio-biochemical mechanisms, PGRs reduce pesticide toxicity in intact plants. Furthermore, PGRs eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by inducing antioxidant enzyme production. Pesticide residues in plant compartments are reduced as a result of PGR-mediated increase in pesticide degradation. This review provides a detailed account of the potential role of PGRs in pesticide detoxification and growth promotion in plants. This work examines several elements of plant pesticidal reactions and assesses how PGRs support plants in tolerating pesticides. The underlying mechanisms during pesticide stress are also discussed. The need for additional study on PGR applications is also emphasized.