J. Fernandez-Cascan, J. Isidro, A. Tiban-Anrango, J. Guadaño, C. Saez, M.A. Rodrigo
{"title":"Electrochemically assisted remediation of a highly chlorinated organic polluted sludge: a full-scale case study","authors":"J. Fernandez-Cascan, J. Isidro, A. Tiban-Anrango, J. Guadaño, C. Saez, M.A. Rodrigo","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135945","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical technology has emerged as an effective method to remediate soils in a laboratory environment. However, its practical application is often challenging due to the complexity of adopting small-scale parameters and identifying all the potential problems during the operation of electrokinetic plants. Here, a prototype demonstration in a space environment (Technology Readiness Level 7) is reported to remediate a 5×5 m<sup>2</sup> plot of a leachate pond from a landfill containing dense sludge contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds. Bench-scale tests (50<!-- --> <!-- -->kg per mock-up) were initially carried out to evaluate the effects of the key parameters (electric field, surfactants, and electrode materials) and demonstrated the feasibility of reducing contaminant concentrations in the sludge through dehalogenation and volatilisation. The average electro-osmotic flux was 0.23<!-- --> <!-- -->cm day<sup>-1</sup>, comparable to that reported for silty soils. Iron electrodes enhanced electrokinetic water transport and reduced acidification, while glassy carbon electrodes increased water volatilisation, acidity near the anode, and dehalogenation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Based on these findings, the full-scale design and operating conditions were selected. After 590<!-- --> <!-- -->h of operation, the total pollutant concentration was reduced by 34%, mainly due to volatilisation, using a sequence of six iron-electrode arrays at 1<!-- --> <!-- -->V<!-- --> <!-- -->cm<sup>-1</sup>, which increased the sludge temperature over 60 °C. An evaporation rate of 0.021<!-- --> <!-- -->cm d<sup>-1</sup> and an electro-osmotic flux of 0.62<!-- --> <!-- -->cm d<sup>-1</sup> were achieved, consistent with the bench tests. These findings demonstrate the potential of electrokinetic plants for the remediation of sludges and provide expertise applicable to future remediation at other contaminated sites.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135945","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Electrochemical technology has emerged as an effective method to remediate soils in a laboratory environment. However, its practical application is often challenging due to the complexity of adopting small-scale parameters and identifying all the potential problems during the operation of electrokinetic plants. Here, a prototype demonstration in a space environment (Technology Readiness Level 7) is reported to remediate a 5×5 m2 plot of a leachate pond from a landfill containing dense sludge contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds. Bench-scale tests (50 kg per mock-up) were initially carried out to evaluate the effects of the key parameters (electric field, surfactants, and electrode materials) and demonstrated the feasibility of reducing contaminant concentrations in the sludge through dehalogenation and volatilisation. The average electro-osmotic flux was 0.23 cm day-1, comparable to that reported for silty soils. Iron electrodes enhanced electrokinetic water transport and reduced acidification, while glassy carbon electrodes increased water volatilisation, acidity near the anode, and dehalogenation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Based on these findings, the full-scale design and operating conditions were selected. After 590 h of operation, the total pollutant concentration was reduced by 34%, mainly due to volatilisation, using a sequence of six iron-electrode arrays at 1 V cm-1, which increased the sludge temperature over 60 °C. An evaporation rate of 0.021 cm d-1 and an electro-osmotic flux of 0.62 cm d-1 were achieved, consistent with the bench tests. These findings demonstrate the potential of electrokinetic plants for the remediation of sludges and provide expertise applicable to future remediation at other contaminated sites.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Hazardous Materials serves as a global platform for promoting cutting-edge research in the field of Environmental Science and Engineering. Our publication features a wide range of articles, including full-length research papers, review articles, and perspectives, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the dangers and risks associated with various materials concerning public health and the environment. It is important to note that the term "environmental contaminants" refers specifically to substances that pose hazardous effects through contamination, while excluding those that do not have such impacts on the environment or human health. Moreover, we emphasize the distinction between wastes and hazardous materials in order to provide further clarity on the scope of the journal. We have a keen interest in exploring specific compounds and microbial agents that have adverse effects on the environment.