{"title":"End-of-life nickel recycling: Energy security and circular economy development","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105308","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the consumption of nickel resources in China from 2004 to 2022 and utilizes data from the International Energy Agency as a foundation to predict future consumption and End-of-life (EoL) nickel recycling volumes by a novel dynamic material flow analysis (D-MFA) model. Distinguished from the preceding MFA studies, we highlight the future nickel stocks and flows, and the logistic function as well as linear step-length method are applied to assess EoL nickel recycling under five different demand scenarios and recycling assumptions. The findings show that the share of EoL nickel secondary supply currently stands at 27% of overall nickel demand. In addition, the nickel demand curve under different recycling conditions also reveals a projected gap of approximately 4.4 million tons between nickel supply and demand until 2050. The empirical results demonstrate a significant growth of nickel demand in the new energy battery industry, while nickel consumption in the stainless steel is tending towards saturation. Moreover, although the recycling rate of nickel is expected to keep rising, the consumption of nickel remains significantly higher than the recycling volume, entailing a long-term dependence on imported nickel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20970,"journal":{"name":"Resources Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Resources Policy","FirstCategoryId":"96","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420724006755","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"0","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study examines the consumption of nickel resources in China from 2004 to 2022 and utilizes data from the International Energy Agency as a foundation to predict future consumption and End-of-life (EoL) nickel recycling volumes by a novel dynamic material flow analysis (D-MFA) model. Distinguished from the preceding MFA studies, we highlight the future nickel stocks and flows, and the logistic function as well as linear step-length method are applied to assess EoL nickel recycling under five different demand scenarios and recycling assumptions. The findings show that the share of EoL nickel secondary supply currently stands at 27% of overall nickel demand. In addition, the nickel demand curve under different recycling conditions also reveals a projected gap of approximately 4.4 million tons between nickel supply and demand until 2050. The empirical results demonstrate a significant growth of nickel demand in the new energy battery industry, while nickel consumption in the stainless steel is tending towards saturation. Moreover, although the recycling rate of nickel is expected to keep rising, the consumption of nickel remains significantly higher than the recycling volume, entailing a long-term dependence on imported nickel.
期刊介绍:
Resources Policy is an international journal focused on the economics and policy aspects of mineral and fossil fuel extraction, production, and utilization. It targets individuals in academia, government, and industry. The journal seeks original research submissions analyzing public policy, economics, social science, geography, and finance in the fields of mining, non-fuel minerals, energy minerals, fossil fuels, and metals. Mineral economics topics covered include mineral market analysis, price analysis, project evaluation, mining and sustainable development, mineral resource rents, resource curse, mineral wealth and corruption, mineral taxation and regulation, strategic minerals and their supply, and the impact of mineral development on local communities and indigenous populations. The journal specifically excludes papers with agriculture, forestry, or fisheries as their primary focus.