Effect of cellulose nanocrystals on the emulsion stability and rheological properties of microalgal Pickering emulsions

IF 4.6 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI:10.1016/j.algal.2024.103731
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Abstract

This study investigates the effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to Pickering emulsions prepared with microalgal particles (Spirulina sp. (SPI), Chlorella sp. HS2 (CLO)). The microalgae particles show a weak interfacial localization and Pickering behavior on the O/W emulsion depending on the size (avg. drop size ∼5.39 μm with SPI and 22.15 μm with CLO), resulting in a different stabilization effect. When CNC is additionally mixed with the Pickering emulsions including large microalgae particles (CLO), CNC replaces microalgae particles and localizes at the interface, enhancing strong emulsion stabilization. For the Pickering emulsions including small microalgae (SPI), CNC localizes at the continuous phase, forming a network structure regardless of the concentration. This interfacial localization behavior of CNC against microalgae particles is reflected in the rheological behavior of the Pickering emulsion. Depending on the location of CNC, the emulsions exhibit the two-step yielding behavior, mainly attributed to the CNC network in the continuous phase. The complex role of particles in the emulsion system is more sensitively reflected in the large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) region, characterized using the sequence of physical process (SPP) rheological analysis. The maximum elasticity (Emax) in SPP analysis, which indicates the recovery of the deformed structure, exhibits a significant difference, discriminating structural characteristics of CNC dispersion incorporated with microalgae particles. Emulsion with CLO-CNC has lower Emax than the SPI-CNC case because CNC particles disperse at the interface and the continuous phase. Then the distance between CNC particles is longer, resulting in a weak network structure throughout the emulsion. Due to a weak network of CNC, the emulsion is more vulnerable to coalescence compared to the SPI-CNC system. Therefore, this study suggests that CNC particles added to the Pickering emulsion with microalgae compete to localize at the interface and give coalescence suppression effects to the emulsion. Also, for the Pickering emulsion system composed of multi-particles, rheological analysis including SPP analysis successfully indicates structural characteristics and flow-induced stabilization of Pickering emulsions with multi-particles that microscopic characterization could not detect.
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纤维素纳米晶对微藻皮克林乳液稳定性和流变特性的影响
本研究探讨了纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)对使用微藻颗粒(螺旋藻(SPI)、小球藻 HS2(CLO))制备的皮克林乳液的影响。微藻颗粒的大小不同(SPI 的平均液滴大小为 5.39 μm,CLO 的平均液滴大小为 22.15 μm),其在 O/W 型乳液中的界面定位和 Pickering 行为也不同,从而产生了不同的稳定效果。当 CNC 与含有大颗粒微藻的 Pickering 乳液(CLO)混合时,CNC 取代了微藻颗粒,并在界面处定位,增强了乳液的稳定性。对于含有小微藻的皮克林乳液(SPI),无论浓度如何,氯化萘都会定位于连续相,形成网络结构。CNC 针对微藻颗粒的这种界面定位行为反映在皮克林乳液的流变行为中。根据氯化萘的位置,乳液表现出两步屈服行为,这主要归因于连续相中的氯化萘网络。颗粒在乳液体系中的复杂作用在大振幅振荡剪切(LAOS)区域得到了更敏感的反映,该区域采用物理过程序列(SPP)流变分析法进行表征。SPP 分析中的最大弹性(Emax)表示变形结构的恢复情况,显示出显著差异,可区分加入微藻颗粒的 CNC 分散体的结构特征。CLO-CNC 乳液的 Emax 值低于 SPI-CNC 乳液,这是因为 CNC 颗粒分散在界面和连续相上。因此 CNC 颗粒之间的距离较长,导致整个乳液的网络结构较弱。与 SPI-CNC 系统相比,由于 CNC 网络结构薄弱,乳液更容易发生凝聚。因此,本研究表明,添加到含有微藻的 Pickering 乳液中的 CNC 粒子会竞争性地定位于界面处,从而起到抑制乳液凝聚的作用。此外,对于由多颗粒组成的 Pickering 乳化液体系,流变学分析(包括 SPP 分析)成功地表明了含有多颗粒的 Pickering 乳化液的结构特征和流动诱导稳定,而这是微观表征无法检测到的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts
Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY-
CiteScore
9.40
自引率
7.80%
发文量
332
期刊介绍: Algal Research is an international phycology journal covering all areas of emerging technologies in algae biology, biomass production, cultivation, harvesting, extraction, bioproducts, biorefinery, engineering, and econometrics. Algae is defined to include cyanobacteria, microalgae, and protists and symbionts of interest in biotechnology. The journal publishes original research and reviews for the following scope: algal biology, including but not exclusive to: phylogeny, biodiversity, molecular traits, metabolic regulation, and genetic engineering, algal cultivation, e.g. phototrophic systems, heterotrophic systems, and mixotrophic systems, algal harvesting and extraction systems, biotechnology to convert algal biomass and components into biofuels and bioproducts, e.g., nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, plastics, etc. algal products and their economic assessment
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