Recent advances in delivering mangosteen-based phytochemicals using promising micro/nanocarriers: Formulation, outcomes, and perspectives

Abstract

Background

Nowadays, mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is getting more attention from researchers because of the rich source of bioactive phytochemicals in its fruit shell including xanthones, anthocyanins, benzophenones, etc. The bioactivity of these phytochemicals cannot be achieved fully during the application as/in functional materials due to their physicochemical and physiological instability. Therefore, encapsulation of mangosteen-based phytochemicals (MPC) using promising carriers could be one of the possible ways to overcome these limitations as well as to ensure controlled release properties and enhanced bioactivity.

Scope and approach

This review first highlights the physicochemical properties and biological potentials of mangosteen. Thereafter, our review comprehensively focuses on the controlled delivery of MPC using advanced carrier systems.

Key findings and conclusions

Encapsulation of mangosteen-based phytochemicals (MPC) using lipid-based particles (e.g. liposomes, solid-lipid particles, and niosomes), polymeric particles (nanocapsules and nanospheres), β-cyclodextrin-based inclusion complexes, ethyl-cellulose and methyl-cellulose blends, poly(ethylene glycol)-based polymeric particles, emulsions-based particles could improve the physicochemical stability, controlled release properties, and bioactivities. Only a single study has been found on MPC-loaded nanofiber mats, bacterial cellulosic nanofiber film, nanomicelles, and nanosponges with improved bioactivity. Thus, more research is required on these promising carriers to develop MPC-based functional materials with improved effects. In conclusion, encapsulating MPC in promising micro/nanocarriers could allow us to develop some unique functional materials with exceptional bio-efficacy.