Inhibition of interfacial cracks in 304L-Inconel718 bimetal fabricated via laser powder bed fusion

Abstract

Multi-material additive manufacturing is crucial for intricate component fabrication, yet challenges, such as interfacial cracks and weak bonding, persist. This work investigated the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of bimetallic components (stainless steel 304L-nickel-based alloy Inconel718) crucial in aerospace and nuclear applications. It is found that the interfacial cracks predominantly occur within the compositional transition zone where the proportion of 304 L is between 45 wt% and 75 wt%, characterized by brittle Laves phases along grain boundaries. Experimental and finite element simulations of melt pool reveal that a higher ratio of temperature gradient ($\bar{G}$) to the grain growth rate ($\bar{R}$) ($\bar{G}$/$\bar{R}$) results in straight grain boundaries with underdeveloped secondary dendrites. This leads to the formation of continuous liquid film and strip-like Laves phase at grain boundaries, causing interfacial cracks during L-PBF. To suppress these cracks, this work proposes manipulating grain boundaries into a tortuous morphology through promoting the growth of secondary dendrites. By controlling the $\bar{G}$/$\bar{R}$ ratios below the critical value (<147.9×10⁶ K∙s/m²) and combining with a high cooling rate ($\bar{G}$×$\bar{R}$) during L-PBF, a well-developed secondary dendritic structure and grain refinement are achieved, significantly enhancing grain boundary tortuosity and forming discretely distributed Laves phases. As a result, interfacial cracks are completely suppressed, enabling the successful manufacturing of crack-free 304L-Inconel718 bimetallic components. The approach of tailoring the distribution of brittle precipitates through manipulating grain boundary morphology proposed in this work provides a novel and practical pathway for inhibiting cracks in multi-material additive manufacturing.