Experimental study of two-phase pressure-drop in horizontal return bends with ammonia

Abstract

In evaporators and condensers of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, various straight tubes are joined via U-bends. These U-bends result in higher pressure drops due to flow disturbances and centrifugal effects. Accurate prediction of pressure drops in these bends is essential for reliable design and operation. This study investigates the two-phase flow pressure-drop in horizontal U-bends with ammonia under wide range of experimental conditions. Three pipes with nominal outer diameter between 22.2, 15.9, and 9.5 mm were used, each with three bend radii (R/d_o ratio) between 1.2 and 2.5 in horizontal configuration. Tests were conducted at saturation temperature of +10 and -15 °C, with mass flux varying between 10 and 50 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, and vapor quality between 0.1 and 0.9. The pressure-drop increased with mass flux and vapor quality while decreased with saturation temperature, pipe diameter and R/d_o ratio of the bend.

Large tubes exhibited a greater increase in pressure drop with rising mass flux and decreasing bend ratio compared to small tubes, which showed higher absolute values and more consistent performance across the vapor quality range at both saturation temperatures. The tube diameter had a less significant effect at high saturation temperature and high mass flux, while the bend curvature ratio predominantly influenced the pressure drop performance for large diameter tubes. One correlation from the literature predicted the data well only if the vapor quality was below 0.5. For wider range of quality, the existing models in the literature were not well-suited for predicting pressure drops in ammonia U-bends.