International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

Conjugate heat transfer model of non-Newtonian fruit pulp freezing by turbulent convective air flow in a refrigeration cabinet 非牛顿果浆在制冷柜内紊流对流冷冻的共轭传热模型

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.018

Edgardo J. Tabilo , Roberto Lemus-Mondaca , Juan I. Jaime , Nelson O. Moraga

This study develops a three-dimensional conjugate numerical model to predict the unsteady solidification of blueberry pulp in a container cooled by buoyancy-driven turbulent natural convection within a domestic freezer. The finite volume method, combined with the SIMPLERnP algorithm, simultaneously solves airflow turbulence, heat conduction, natural convection within the pulp, and the liquid-to-solid phase change. Results demonstrate that reducing food thickness and optimizing placement enhance heat transfer, shorten freezing time, and lower energy consumption. Specifically, thinner samples (aspect ratio 0.125) achieved a 200% increase in heat flux compared to the baseline, while dividing the food into two batches placed at the corners increased heat flux by 223%, reducing freezing time by nearly half. The average drip loss decreased from ∼17% in thicker samples to ∼15% in thinner ones, and the pectin content increased from 0.90 to 0.99 g/kg, indicating improved texture and quality. The model also captured differences in airflow, predicting counter-rotating vortices and boundary-layer thinning, which reinforced convection and accelerated cooling. It accurately reproduces freezing curves, isotherms, velocity fields, and Nusselt numbers, confirming its reliability. Overall, the model underscores the significant impact of food geometry and placement in the freezer on performance, offering a robust tool to optimize energy efficiency and product quality in frozen fruit pulps.

本文建立了一个三维共轭数值模型来预测蓝莓果肉在家用冷冻机内浮力驱动的湍流自然对流冷却容器中的非定常凝固。有限体积法结合SIMPLERnP算法，同时解决了纸浆内气流湍流、热传导、自然对流、液固相变等问题。结果表明，减小食物厚度和优化放置有利于传热，缩短冷冻时间，降低能耗。具体而言，较薄的样品（宽高比为0.125）与基线相比，热流密度增加了200%，而将食品分成两批放置在角落的热流密度增加了223%，将冷冻时间缩短了近一半。平均滴漏损失从较厚样品的~ 17%下降到较薄样品的~ 15%，果胶含量从0.90 g/kg增加到0.99 g/kg，表明质地和质量得到改善。该模型还捕捉到了气流的差异，预测了反向旋转的涡旋和边界层变薄，这加强了对流，加速了冷却。它精确地再现了冻结曲线、等温线、速度场和努塞尔数，证实了它的可靠性。总的来说，该模型强调了食物的几何形状和放置在冷冻室对性能的重大影响，为优化冷冻果肉的能源效率和产品质量提供了一个强大的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization and flow field analysis of a helium turbo-expander impeller for a 5 TPD hydrogen liquefier using a cylindrical projection based parametric approach 基于圆柱投影参数法的5 TPD氢气液化器氦涡轮膨胀器叶轮优化及流场分析

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.009

Hongmin Liu , Changlei Ke , Kongrong Li , Zhaozhang Hao , Jiansheng Zuo , Xiaohua Zhang , Nan Peng , Lianyou Xiong , Liqiang Liu

Improving the efficiency of hydrogen liquefaction cycles is essential for reducing costs and promoting clean hydrogen energy. As the core refrigeration component, the helium turbo-expander (HTE) experiences significant efficiency losses within the impeller passage. However, current design methodologies often involve complex manual iterations that can limit systematic 3D optimization. This paper explores a parametric approach for 3D impeller design based on cylindrical projection (Cylindrical Projection based Parametric Impeller Design). This method allows for the definition of blade profiles at the hub, mid span, and shroud sections using projection parameters (

T_{u}

,

T_{r}

), facilitating smooth geometric transitions. To evaluate the approach, a final stage HTE impeller for a 5 TPD hydrogen liquefier was analyzed. Numerical simulations indicate that adjusting the flow path geometry using these parameters can lead to significant performance variations: Case C1 showed a calculated 16.58% reduction in helium mass flow at a constant refrigeration power of 30,551.4 W, while Case C2 yielded a predicted isentropic efficiency of 92.33% (a 2.81% absolute increase) with a 3.5% reduction in required inlet pressure. Flow field analysis using the

Ω

vortex identification method suggests that these improvements are associated with the suppression of high loss vortex structures. Specifically, the concave blade profiles appear to mitigate transverse pressure differences, reducing the intensity of passage vortices. These results demonstrate that the parametric projection method offers a useful alternative for the geometric optimization of cryogenic turbo-expander impellers.

提高氢液化循环效率对于降低成本和推广清洁氢能源至关重要。氦气涡轮膨胀器作为制冷系统的核心部件，其在叶轮流道内的效率损失较大。然而，当前的设计方法通常涉及复杂的手动迭代，这可能会限制系统的3D优化。本文探讨了一种基于圆柱投影的三维叶轮参数化设计方法（圆柱投影型参数化叶轮设计）。这种方法允许使用投影参数（Tu, Tr）来定义轮毂、跨中和叶冠部分的叶片轮廓，从而促进平滑的几何过渡。为验证该方法的有效性，以5tpd氢液化器末级HTE叶轮为例进行了分析。数值模拟表明，使用这些参数调整流道几何形状可以导致显著的性能变化：在制冷功率为30551.4 W时，Case C1计算出的氦气质量流量减少了16.58%，而Case C2预测的等熵效率为92.33%（绝对增加2.81%），所需进口压力降低3.5%。利用Ω涡识别方法进行流场分析表明，这些改进与抑制高损失涡结构有关。具体来说，凹型叶片可以缓解横向压力差，降低通道涡的强度。这些结果表明，参数投影法为低温涡轮膨胀器叶轮的几何优化提供了一种有用的替代方法。

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引用次数: 0

Revealing dynamic characteristics of the two-stage thermoelectric cooler under double-pulse excitation 揭示双脉冲激励下两级热电冷却器的动态特性

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.016

Ding Luo , Hengliang Zhang , Yi Qiu , Hao Chen , Yaohua Li , Junshuo Chen , Yangyong Liu , Xiaoye Sun , Guili Wang

Conventional two-stage thermoelectric coolers (TECs) generally employ identical continuous pulse current waveforms. In this study, we for the first time systematically investigate double-pulse current excitation with different waveform shapes under thermal shock. By analyzing the double-pulse waveform combinations, the amplitude and width of the second pulse, as well as the intervals between thermal shock and the first pulse (Δt₁) and between double-pulses (Δt₂), we reveal their governing effects on the transient subcooling performance of TECs, including the minimum cold end temperature (T_c,min), the maximum overshoot temperature (T_c,max), the cold-holding time (t_hold), and the recovery time (t_rec). The results show that the cold end waveform influences the transient response more strongly than the hot end, and triangular excitation effectively suppresses overshoot and accelerates recovery. Specifically, compared with the Square + Square case, the Triangle + Triangle case reduces T_c,max from 347.23 K to 325.31 K and shortens t_rec from 82.96 s to 75.47 s, while t_hold increases from 0.66 s to 0.84 s. Increasing the second pulse amplitude enhances cooling but intensifies Joule heating, and an excessively long second pulse width significantly degrades recovery. In addition, larger Δt₂ promotes heat dissipation between pulses. For example, increasing Δt₂ from 1 s to 3 s reduces T_c,max from 336.15 K to 316.05 K and shortens t_rec from 69.10 s to 63.50 s. These findings provide theoretical guidance for waveform design and parameter selection of two-stage TECs under thermal shock.

传统的两级热电冷却器（tec）通常采用相同的连续脉冲电流波形。在本研究中，我们首次系统地研究了热冲击下不同波形形状的双脉冲电流激励。通过分析双脉冲波形组合、第二脉冲的振幅和宽度、热冲击与第一脉冲之间的间隔（Δt1）和双脉冲之间的间隔（Δt2），揭示了它们对tec瞬态过冷性能的控制作用，包括最低冷端温度（Tc,min）、最高过冲温度（Tc,max）、冷保持时间（hold）和恢复时间（trec）。结果表明，冷端波形对瞬态响应的影响大于热端波形，三角形激励能有效抑制超调，加速恢复。具体来说，与Square + Square情况相比，Triangle + Triangle情况将Tc max从347.23 K降低到325.31 K，将trec从82.96 s缩短到75.47 s，而hold从0.66 s提高到0.84 s。增加第二脉冲振幅增强了冷却，但加剧了焦耳加热，而过长的第二脉冲宽度显著降低了恢复。此外，较大的Δt2促进了脉冲之间的散热。例如，将Δt2从1秒增加到3秒可以降低Tc，max从336.15 K降低到316.05 K，将trec从69.10 s缩短到63.50 s。研究结果为热冲击下两级tec的波形设计和参数选择提供了理论指导。

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引用次数: 0

Condenser-side thermal resistance in heat pump water heaters: Experimental investigation and quantitative decomposition 热泵热水器冷凝器侧热阻：实验研究与定量分解

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.010

Yicheng Zhu , Ceyi Wang , Zhewen Xiong , Aiguo Wei , Juan Huang , Fei Wang , Junming Li , Haishan Cao

Comprehensive analysis of the condenser-side thermal resistance in heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) offers valuable insights for improving system efficiency and reducing energy consumption. This study presents both experimental investigations on a prototype HPWH and a numerical analysis based on a thermal resistance network model. In the model, the total thermal resistance is decomposed into three components for separate calculation and analysis, namely the refrigerant-side condensation resistance, the thermal conduction resistance of the microchannels and the thermally conductive silicone grease as thermal interface materials, and the combined resistance of cylinder wall conduction and water-side convection. A quantitative analysis of each component was conducted, and the calculated total thermal resistance deviated by only 4.9 % from experimental measurements, demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed model. The results showed that the combined resistance of cylinder wall conduction and water-side convection contributed more than 60 % of the total resistance. Therefore, reducing the combined resistance should be a primary focus to enhance overall HPWH performance. This study establishes a quantitative basis for the optimization and design of next-generation, high-efficiency HPWH systems.

对热泵热水器冷凝器侧热阻的综合分析为提高系统效率和降低能耗提供了有价值的见解。本研究在热阻网络模型的基础上，对原型机进行了实验研究和数值分析。在模型中，将总热阻分解为三部分分别进行计算和分析，分别为制冷剂侧冷凝阻力、微通道和导热硅脂作为热界面材料的导热阻力、缸壁传导和水侧对流的联合阻力。对各组成部分进行了定量分析，计算出的总热阻与实验测量值的偏差仅为4.9%，证明了所提出模型的准确性。结果表明，缸壁传导和水侧对流的综合阻力占总阻力的60%以上。因此，降低综合阻力应该是提高HPWH整体性能的首要重点。本研究为下一代高效HPWH系统的优化设计奠定了定量基础。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and simulation analysis of the explosive behavior and free radical spectroscopic characteristics of R1233zd(E)/R290 mixed gas R1233zd(E)/R290混合气体爆炸行为及自由基光谱特性的实验与模拟分析

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.013

Baolin Guo , Lanfang Zheng , Xiaobin Li

To explore the combustion safety characteristics of environmentally friendly mixed refrigerants, this study systematically investigates the impact and mechanism of R1233zd(E) on the explosion behavior of R290 through a combination of experiments, spectral analysis, and density functional theory calculations. The results indicate that R1233zd(E) has a significant dual effect on the combustion process of R290: when the volume fraction ratio of R1233zd(E)/R290 is ≤ 0.2, it exhibits a slight promoting effect, with the pressure peak and maximum pressure rise rate increasing by 1.86% and 17.16%, respectively, the flame propagation speed increasing by 0.418 m/s, and the CH* peak time advancing by 8.33%. However, when the volume fraction exceeds 1.1, a significant inhibiting effect is observed. At a volume fraction of 1.6, the pressure peak and maximum pressure rise rate decrease by 56.08% and 82.97%, respectively, the time to reach the explosion pressure peak is extended by 155.54%, the flame propagation speed is only 17% of that of pure R290, and the peak times of OH* and H₂O* are delayed by 446.15%. Furthermore, as the concentration of R1233zd(E) increases, the intensity peak times of key reactive radicals/molecules CH*, OH*, H₂O* and O₂* exhibit exponential growth, and when the volume fraction is ≤ 1.1, the transition process from CO to CO₂ is delayed. Simultaneously, theoretical calculations and flame-retardant radical spectra indicate that R1233zd(E) preferentially cleaves the CCl bond to generate chlorine radicals, which effectively capture reactive radicals, becoming the dominant factor in blocking chain reactions.

为探索环保型混合制冷剂的燃烧安全特性，本研究通过实验、光谱分析和密度泛函理论计算相结合的方法，系统研究了R1233zd(E)对R290爆炸行为的影响及其机理。结果表明，R1233zd(E)对R290的燃烧过程具有显著的双重作用：当R1233zd(E)/R290的体积分数比≤0.2时，R1233zd(E)对R290的燃烧过程有轻微的促进作用，压力峰值和最大压力上升速率分别提高了1.86%和17.16%，火焰传播速度提高了0.418 m/s， CH*峰时间提高了8.33%。但当体积分数超过1.1时，抑制效果明显。体积分数为1.6时，压力峰值和最大压力上升速率分别降低了56.08%和82.97%，达到爆炸压力峰值的时间延长了155.54%，火焰传播速度仅为纯R290的17%，OH*和H2O*的峰值时间延迟了446.15%。随着R1233zd(E)浓度的增加，关键活性自由基/分子CH*、OH*、H2O*和O2*的强度峰值次数呈指数增长，当体积分数≤1.1时，CO向CO 2的转变过程延迟。同时，理论计算和阻燃自由基谱表明，R1233zd(E)优先裂解CCl键生成氯自由基，氯自由基有效捕获活性自由基，成为阻断链式反应的主导因素。

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引用次数: 0

A novel vapor compression based electrically-driven environmental control system (ECS) for a civil aircraft using low-GWP refrigerant R1234yf 采用低gwp制冷剂R1234yf的新型民用飞机蒸汽压缩电驱动环境控制系统(ECS

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.011

Vinay Pratap Singh Negi, Chennu Ranganayakulu

The environmental control system (ECS) of an aircraft manages pressure and temperature to establish a comfortable environment for passengers and crew, while ensuring efficient functioning of electronic equipment using a bleed/bleedless air cycle system (ACS). However, the adoption of ACS is limited by its low coefficient of performance (COP). Interest in low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants for vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) has increased, driven by regulations such as the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and EU Regulation 517/2014, which promote environmental sustainability. This study incorporated both simulation and experimental approaches to evaluate the performance of the proposed VCRS-based ECS using the low-GWP refrigerant R1234yf. The experimental validation confirmed the precision of the VCRS-based ECS numerical simulation, showing that the variations in the cooling capacity and evaporator air-side temperature were ±15% and ±2%, respectively. The proposed VCRS-based ECS achieved a system cooling capacity of 30.27 kW and COP of 1.01 with the low-GWP refrigerant R1234yf during cruising. Independently, the VCRS cycle attained a COP of 12.58 at specific saturation pressures and temperatures in the evaporator and condenser. The study concluded that R1234yf demonstrated performance characteristics similar to those of R134a and had low GWP and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), making it a suitable alternative to R134a in ECSs.

飞机的环境控制系统（ECS）管理压力和温度，为乘客和机组人员建立一个舒适的环境，同时使用放/不放空气循环系统（ACS）确保电子设备的有效运行。然而，ACS的采用受到其低性能系数（COP）的限制。受《蒙特利尔议定书》基加利修正案和欧盟第517/2014号法规等促进环境可持续性的法规的推动，人们对用于蒸汽压缩制冷系统（VCRS）的低全球变暖潜能值（GWP）制冷剂的兴趣日益增加。本研究采用模拟和实验两种方法来评估使用低gwp制冷剂R1234yf的基于vcrs的ECS的性能。实验验证了基于vcrs的ECS数值模拟的精度，表明制冷量和蒸发器空气侧温度的变化分别为±15%和±2%。采用低gwp制冷剂R1234yf，基于vcrs的ECS系统在巡航时的制冷量为30.27 kW， COP为1.01。独立地，VCRS循环在蒸发器和冷凝器的特定饱和压力和温度下达到了12.58的COP。研究认为，R1234yf具有与R134a相似的性能特征，具有较低的GWP和总等效变暖影响（TEWI），是ECSs中R134a的合适替代品。

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引用次数: 0

The EU road refrigerated transport: current GHG footprint of transport refrigeration unit and projected impact of sustainable technologies 欧盟公路冷藏运输：目前运输冷藏装置的温室气体足迹和可持续技术的预计影响

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.008

Antonio Rossetti, Francesco Fabris, Sergio Marinetti, Silvia Minetto

The global road transport refrigeration fleet serving the food supply chain is estimated at approximately 5.7 million vehicles. This sector is experiencing continuous growth, driven by evolving consumer habits such as the rise in e-commerce and the increasing incidence of short-distance deliveries. Sectoral emissions were estimated at approximately 50 Mt CO₂eq in 2021, with the majority attributable to diesel-powered traction systems. Approximately 20 % of these emissions originate from the energy consumption of refrigeration units. At the same time, the entire road transport sector is under increasing pressure to meet stringent environmental targets. Moreover, working fluids used in vapor compression cycles are undergoing regulatory scrutiny, with a primary focus on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while growing attention is being paid to other potential environmental and human health impacts. This study investigates high technology-readiness-level (TRL) solutions aimed at reducing the overall environmental footprint of road transport refrigeration. The solutions considered include improved thermal insulation of refrigerated boxes, the adoption of natural refrigerants, advanced control strategies under partial load conditions, vehicle electrification, and the integration of renewable energy sources. The potential effects of implementing these technologies across the European refrigerated fleet are numerically assessed in terms of primary energy consumption, carbon-equivalent emissions, and pollutant emissions. Results indicate that the adoption of these technologies could yield reductions of up to 28 % in annual primary energy consumption, up to 72 % in CO₂-equivalent emissions, and over 90 % in emissions of other air pollutants.

为食品供应链服务的全球公路运输冷藏车队估计约为570万辆。在不断变化的消费者习惯的推动下，如电子商务的兴起和短距离配送的增加，这一领域正在持续增长。据估计，2021年行业排放量约为5000万吨二氧化碳当量，其中大部分归因于柴油动力牵引系统。这些排放中约有20%来自制冷装置的能源消耗。与此同时，整个道路运输部门面临着越来越大的压力，要达到严格的环境目标。此外，蒸汽压缩循环中使用的工作流体正在接受监管审查，其主要重点是减少温室气体（GHG）排放，同时越来越多地关注其他潜在的环境和人类健康影响。本研究探讨了旨在减少公路运输冷藏的整体环境足迹的高科技准备水平（TRL）解决方案。考虑的解决方案包括改进冷藏箱的隔热、采用天然制冷剂、在部分负荷条件下采用先进的控制策略、车辆电气化以及可再生能源的整合。在整个欧洲冷藏船队中实施这些技术的潜在影响在一次能源消耗、碳当量排放和污染物排放方面进行了数值评估。结果表明，采用这些技术可使每年一次能源消耗减少28%，二氧化碳当量排放量减少72%，其他空气污染物排放量减少90%以上。

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引用次数: 0

Research on the influence of heat pipes on the performance and frosting characteristics of refrigeration systems in open refrigerated display cabinet 热管对开放式冷藏陈列柜制冷系统性能及结霜特性的影响研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.007

Pei Yuan, Zheng Gong, Zewen Wang, Fei Tang, Shaojie Wang, Yanli Lu

This study experimentally validates a configuration integrating heat pipe heat exchangers (HPHEs) on both sides of the evaporator in open refrigerated display cabinets (ORDC), demonstrating significant performance improvements across three standardized ambient conditions (24°C/25°C/28°C, 60% RH). The system achieved a 4.7–10.8% reduction in defrost condensation mass, coupled with 5.9–11.8% lower energy consumption and a 30–40% decrease in compressor cycling frequency. Operational efficiency was enhanced through a 4% extension of refrigeration cycle duration and accelerated product temperature stabilization, which was 6.1% faster with post-stabilization fluctuations constrained within 2.4°C. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed improved heat transfer efficiency, evidenced by an overall heat transfer coefficient of 33.05 W/(m²·K). The integration of HPHEs enables passive precooling and dehumidification of incoming air, significantly suppressing frost formation and optimizing system stability without additional energy input. This research establishes HPHEs as a technically viable solution for achieving substantial energy savings and operational reliability in commercial refrigeration applications.

本研究通过实验验证了在开放式冷藏展示柜（ORDC）蒸发器两侧集成热管换热器（hphe）的配置，在三种标准化环境条件（24°C/25°C/28°C, 60% RH）下显示了显着的性能改进。该系统的除霜冷凝质量降低了4.7% - 10.8%，能耗降低了5.9-11.8%，压缩机循环频率降低了30-40%。通过将制冷循环时间延长4%，加速产品温度稳定，提高了操作效率，稳定后波动限制在2.4°C内，提高了6.1%。热力学分析证实了传热效率的提高，总传热系数为33.05 W/（m²·K）。hphe的集成实现了进入空气的被动预冷和除湿，显著抑制结霜的形成，优化系统稳定性，而无需额外的能量输入。这项研究确立了hphe作为技术上可行的解决方案，在商业制冷应用中实现了大量的节能和运行可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental measurements and molecular simulations for pvTz properties of carbon dioxide (CO2) + 1,1-difluoroethylene (R1132a) binary system in the two-phase and superheated vapor regions 二氧化碳(CO2) + 1,1-二氟乙烯（R1132a）二元体系在两相和过热蒸汽区pvTz特性的实验测量和分子模拟

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.002

Sebastiano Tomassetti , Lorenzo Merlonghi , Tomoaki Imai , Giovanni Di Nicola , Chieko Kondou

This study provides 23 two-phase and 133 vapor-phase pressure-specific volume-temperature-composition (pvTz) measurements for the mixture containing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and 1,1-difluoroethylene (R1132a), considered a potentially low global warming potential (GWP) alternative for ultralow temperature refrigeration systems. Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and vapor-phase pvTz properties predicted through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are also presented. An isochoric apparatus was used to measure the properties for ten CO₂ mole fractions along ten isochores with specific volumes equal to (0.016846, 0.018521, 0.028775, 0.029922, 0.029931, 0.032358, 0.037241, 0.039089, 0.052176, 0.083492) m³ kg⁻¹ in the temperature and pressure ranges from (228.15 to 303.15) K and from (404.5 to 2519.9) kPa, respectively. The two-phase measurements were used to assess the VLE of the binary system by the flash method with the Peng-Robinson (PR) and PC-SAFT equations of state (EoSs), yielding average absolute relative deviations (AARDs) between experimental and calculated pressures of 0.20% and 0.19%, respectively. The values calculated with the PR and PC-SAFT EoSs showed qualitative agreement with the VLE properties from MD simulations, yielding AARD(p) of 3.44 % and 3.32 %, respectively. The measurements carried out in the superheated vapor region were compared with calculations from the PR and PC-SAFT EoSs, obtaining low deviations (AARD(p) of 0.38 % for the PR EoS and 0.33 % for the PC-SAFT EoS). Finally, a qualitatively good agreement between the MD simulations and the EoS calculations was also observed in the superheated vapor region (AARD(p) of 1.02 % for the PR EoS and 1.00 % for the PC-SAFT EoS).

本研究为含有二氧化碳（CO2）和1,1-二氟乙烯（R1132a）的混合物提供了23个两相和133个气相压力比体积温度组成（pvTz）测量值，该混合物被认为是超低温制冷系统的潜在低全球变暖潜能值（GWP）替代品。通过分子动力学（MD）模拟预测了气液平衡（VLE）和气相pvTz性质。在温度和压力分别为（228.15 ~ 303.15）K和（404.5 ~ 2519.9）kPa的范围内，用等时线仪测量了10个CO2摩尔分数的性质，这些等时线的比容分别为（0.016846、0.018521、0.028775、0.029922、0.029931、0.032358、0.037241、0.039089、0.052176、0.083492）m3 kg−1。利用两相测量结果，利用Peng-Robinson （PR）和PC-SAFT状态方程（eos），利用闪蒸法评估了二元体系的VLE，实验压力和计算压力之间的平均绝对相对偏差（AARDs）分别为0.20%和0.19%。PR和PC-SAFT eos计算的值与MD模拟的VLE特性在质量上一致，AARD(p)分别为3.44%和3.32%。在过热蒸汽区进行的测量与PR和PC-SAFT EoS的计算进行了比较，得到了低偏差(PR EoS的AARD（p)为0.38%，PC-SAFT EoS的AARD(p)为0.33%）。最后，在过热蒸汽区，MD模拟和EoS计算之间的定性一致性也很好(PR EoS的AARD（p)为1.02%，PC-SAFT EoS的AARD(p)为1.00%）。

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引用次数: 0

Research on piston offset suppression and structure optimization for free piston linear compressors in pulse tube cryocoolers 脉冲管制冷机中自由活塞线性压缩机活塞偏置抑制及结构优化研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.006

Zhouhang Hu , Xuan Yu , Zhenxing Li , Mingsheng Tang , Huiming Zou , Jun Shen

As the core driving component of pulse tube cryocoolers (PTCs), free piston linear compressors are susceptible to piston offset in actual operation, affecting the stroke and performance. This paper employed a magnetic resonance linear compressor (MRLC) to drive PTC, utilizing the magnetic spring effect of magnetic resonance linear motor (MRLM) to suppress piston offset. Through a combination of experimental and finite element analysis (FEA), the paper systematically elucidated the piston offset characteristics of the linear compressor and optimized the MRLM structure. Research shows that piston offset is mainly driven by the mean pressure difference (MPD) between the compression pressure and back pressure. The MRLM exhibits a preload force of 54.1 N at the origin, and the magnetic spring stiffness has a non-symmetrical distribution with low stiffness on the left and high stiffness on the right. The magnetic spring effect in the MRLM, operating similarly to an eccentric spring, suppresses piston offset by utilizing the magnetic spring force at the origin (MSFO) and the asymmetry in magnetic spring stiffness on either side of the origin. The simulation demonstrated that the MRLC can maintain a negative offset of -0.75 mm under high charge pressure of 3.6 MPa, which is significantly lower than that of the Redlich-type linear compressor. Furthermore, by adjusting the dimensions of the linear motor, the MSFO can be regulated to reduce piston offset. This approach provides an alternative design strategy for suppressing piston offset in free piston linear compressors.

自由活塞式直线压缩机作为脉冲管制冷机的核心驱动部件，在实际运行中容易发生活塞偏置，影响行程和性能。本文采用磁共振直线压缩机（MRLC）驱动PTC，利用磁共振直线电机（MRLM）的磁弹簧效应抑制活塞偏置。通过实验与有限元分析相结合的方法，系统阐述了直线压缩机活塞偏置特性，并对MRLM结构进行了优化。研究表明，活塞偏置主要由压缩压力和背压之间的平均压差（MPD）驱动。MRLM在原点处的预紧力为54.1 N，磁弹簧刚度呈左刚度低、右刚度高的非对称分布。磁弹簧效应在MRLM中，类似于偏心弹簧的操作，通过利用原点（MSFO）的磁弹簧力和原点两侧磁弹簧刚度的不对称性来抑制活塞偏移。仿真结果表明，在3.6 MPa的高压充注压力下，MRLC能保持-0.75 mm的负偏置，显著低于redlich型线性压气机。此外，通过调整直线电机的尺寸，可以调节MSFO以减少活塞偏移量。这种方法为抑制自由活塞式直线压缩机的活塞偏置提供了一种新的设计策略。

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引用次数: 0