Persistence Evaluation of Fecal Pollution Indicators in Dewatered Sludge and Dewatering Filtrate of Municipal Sewage Sludge: the Impacts of Ambient Temperature and Conditioning Treatments
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Abstract
Sludge resource utilization is one of the important routines for transmitting fecal pollution to water and soil, and sludge dewatering is a crucial step for sludge resource utilization. However, it remains unclear the decay characteristics and persistence of fecal pollution indicators after sludge dewatering. In this study, the persistence of six fecal pollution indicators, namely E. coli (EC), human-specific HF183 Bacteroides (HF183), human adenovirus (HAdV), human JC and BK polyomavirus (JCPyV and BKPyV), and crAssphage, in dewatered sludge cake and dewatering filtrate deriving from raw sewage sludge, as well as three types of sludge conditioned with polyacrylamide (PAM), Fenton's reagent, or Fe[III] and CaO were analyzed. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and viability-qPCR methods were used to analyze the variation in abundances and infectivity of fecal pollution indicators in dewatered sludge cake or dewatering filtrate over the storage time, respectively. Decay predications of fecal pollution indicators over time were modeled using either the first-order or the biphasic decay model. The qPCR results revealed that fecal pollution indicators in dewatered sludge cake persisted longer than those in dewatering filtrate at the same temperature. Increasing temperature can accelerate the decay of fecal pollution indicators in both dewatered sludge cake and dewatering filtrate. Notably, sludge conditioning treatment may prolong the persistence of fecal pollution indicators in both dewatered sludge cake and dewatering filtrate. Viability-qPCR results indicated that the fecal pollution indicators (except HAdV) in dewatered sludge cakes deriving from both raw sewage sludge and conditioned sludges remained infectious for up to 30 days. After a storage period of 40 days, the abundances of fecal pollution indicators (except for EC) in sludge conditioned with Fenton's reagent were effectively decreased and meanwhile the infectivity of EC was reduced, exhibiting the lowest levels of fecal pollution. Therefore, both ambient temperature and conditioning treatment greatly impacted the decay characteristics and persistence of fecal pollution indicators in dewatered sludge cake and dewatering filtrate, and selecting suitable conditioning method can minimize environmental risks associated with fecal pollution in sewage sludge.
期刊介绍：
Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include:
•Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management;
•Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure;
•Drinking water treatment and distribution;
•Potable and non-potable water reuse;
•Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment;
•Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions;
•Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment;
•Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution;
•Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation;
•Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts;
•Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle;
•Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.
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