Impact of hardware impairments and BS antenna tilt on 3D drone localization and tracking

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI:10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155543

Mehari Meles, Akash Rajasekaran, Estifanos Yohannes Menta, Lauri Mela, Riku Jäntti

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Abstract

Today, GPS-free drone localization is increasingly gaining attention in various applications, but it faces significant accuracy challenges in three-dimensional (3D) space due to various impairments. This study investigates the effects of carrier frequency offset (CFO), phase noise (PN), and down-tilted base station (BS) antennas on drone positioning and tracking. Additionally, we explore the impact of inter-site distance (ISD) and BS density on drone position estimation accuracy. In our methodology, we consider a flying drone equipped with a single transmission antenna and BSs configured with 4 × 4 antennas under specific impairments. We first analyze the effects of these impairments on the signal’s covariance matrix. Then, using the MUSIC algorithm, we estimate the azimuth and elevation angles, which serve as the basis for drone localization using the Least Squares (LS) method across all BSs. Finally, the estimated positions feed into an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for tracking. Our results present a sequential analysis of the impact of all impairments on the off-diagonal covariance matrix, on the Angle of Arrival (AOA) estimation and 3D drone localization. We use simulations to demonstrate how hardware impairments affect 3D drone localization accuracy under varying ISD and BS densities.

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硬件损伤和 BS 天线倾斜对 3D 无人机定位和跟踪的影响

如今，无 GPS 无人机定位在各种应用中日益受到关注，但由于各种干扰，它在三维（3D）空间中面临着巨大的精度挑战。本研究探讨了载波频率偏移（CFO）、相位噪声（PN）和下倾基站（BS）天线对无人机定位和跟踪的影响。此外，我们还探讨了站点间距离（ISD）和基站密度对无人机位置估计精度的影响。在我们的研究方法中，我们考虑了在特定干扰条件下，无人机配备单根发射天线和配置 4 × 4 天线的 BS。我们首先分析了这些干扰对信号协方差矩阵的影响。然后，我们使用 MUSIC 算法估计方位角和仰角，并以此为基础，使用最小二乘法（LS）对所有 BS 进行无人机定位。最后，估算出的位置进入扩展卡尔曼滤波器（EKF）进行跟踪。我们的研究结果按顺序分析了所有损伤对非对角线协方差矩阵、到达角（AOA）估计和 3D 无人机定位的影响。我们利用仿真演示了在不同的 ISD 和 BS 密度下，硬件损伤对 3D 无人机定位精度的影响。

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来源期刊

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications 工程技术-电信学

CiteScore

6.90

自引率

18.80%

发文量

292

审稿时长

4.9 months

期刊介绍： AEÜ is an international scientific journal which publishes both original works and invited tutorials. The journal''s scope covers all aspects of theory and design of circuits, systems and devices for electronics, signal processing, and communication, including: signal and system theory, digital signal processing network theory and circuit design information theory, communication theory and techniques, modulation, source and channel coding switching theory and techniques, communication protocols optical communications microwave theory and techniques, radar, sonar antennas, wave propagation AEÜ publishes full papers and letters with very short turn around time but a high standard review process. Review cycles are typically finished within twelve weeks by application of modern electronic communication facilities.