Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献

A fast transient dynamically biased output capacitor-less cascoded flipped voltage follower (CAFVF) LDO regulator 一种快速的瞬态动态偏置输出无电容级联编码翻转电压跟随器（CAFVF） LDO稳压器

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156216

P. Manikandan

This work proposes a fast transient, dynamically biased cascoded flipped voltage follower low-dropout (LDO) regulator. The proposed LDO is constructed based on a single-stage error amplifier (EA) and a cascoded flipped voltage follower. The proposed error amplifier dynamically biases the CAFVF and enhances the transient and stability performance of the LDO regulator. This work uses three different feed-forward transconductors along with one miller and two feed-forward small compensatory capacitors. Two of these feed-forward transconductors and three small compensation capacitors generate two low-frequency left-half-plane (LHP) zeros in conjunction with the self-feed-forward path. These LHP zeros are unaffected by load conditions and provide consistent phase lead for all the load cases. Another feed-forward transconductor converts the load-dependent right-half-plane (RHP) Miller zero to an LHP zero. The load-dependent LHP zero appears closer to the unity gain frequency (UGF) for a lightly loaded LDO, improving its stability under light load situations. The proposed frequency compensation technique stabilizes the LDO for load currents ranging from 0 to

30 mA

, with a maximum load capacitor of

50 pF

. The proposed LDO is designed using UMC

90 nm

CMOS technology and implemented with the Cadence Virtuoso tool. With a maximum quiescent current of

91.3 μ A

, the proposed LDO achieves a minimum good slew rate (SR) of

30 V / μ s

and minimum unity gain frequency of

15.7 MHz

, allowing it to settle faster with a settling time of

30 ns

. The reliability and robustness of the proposed LDO are verified using the process corners with an extreme temperature range and 200-point Monte Carlo simulations.

本研究提出一种快速瞬态、动态偏置级联编码翻转电压跟随器低差（LDO）稳压器。所提出的LDO是基于单级误差放大器（EA）和级联编码翻转电压跟随器构建的。该误差放大器对CAFVF进行动态偏置，提高了LDO稳压器的暂态和稳定性能。这项工作使用了三种不同的前馈晶体管以及一个米勒和两个前馈小补偿电容器。其中两个前馈晶体管和三个小型补偿电容器与自前馈路径一起产生两个低频左半平面（LHP）零点。这些LHP零点不受负载条件的影响，并为所有负载情况提供一致的相引线。另一种前馈晶体管将负载相关的右半平面（RHP）米勒零转换为LHP零。轻负载LDO的负载相关LHP零点更接近单位增益频率（UGF），提高了其在轻负载情况下的稳定性。所提出的频率补偿技术稳定了负载电流范围从0到30mA的LDO，最大负载电容为50pF。该LDO采用联华电子90nm CMOS技术设计，并通过Cadence Virtuoso工具实现。在最大静态电流为91.3μA的情况下，LDO的最小良好压转率（SR）为30V/μs，最小单位增益频率为15.7MHz，沉降速度更快，沉降时间为30ns。通过极端温度范围的过程角和200点蒙特卡罗模拟验证了所提出LDO的可靠性和鲁棒性。

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引用次数: 0

Proposal and analysis of high-gain vertically-polarized endfire leaky-wave antenna 高增益垂直极化端漏波天线的设计与分析

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156218

Wan-Hao Xu , Junbing Duan , Lei Zhu , Cheng Liao , You-Feng Cheng , Ting Shi

This article investigates and analyzes the high-gain condition based on a vertically polarized (VP) endfire leaky-wave antenna by periodically loading parallel inductive elements on both sides of the double-sided parallel strip line. A radiation model of the employed leaky-wave antenna is firstly established to explore the effects of period length as well as propagation constants on the radiation gains and efficiencies. To achieve the high gain and efficiency, the structural influences of the antenna are then analyzed to explore the proper loading stub model to meet those requirements for the propagation characteristics. A prototype antenna is in final designed and fabricated to verify its performance in achieving high gain and efficiency radiation. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measured results, demonstrating the effectiveness of the resulted high-gain radiation condition for the VP endfire leaky-wave antenna.

本文研究和分析了在双面平行条形线两侧周期性加载平行感应元件的垂直极化末端漏波天线的高增益条件。首先建立了漏波天线的辐射模型，探讨了周期长度和传播常数对辐射增益和效率的影响。为了实现高增益和高效率，分析了天线的结构影响，探索了合适的加载短段模型，以满足对传播特性的要求。最后设计并制作了天线样机，以验证其在实现高增益和高效率辐射方面的性能。仿真结果与实测结果吻合较好，验证了所得到的VP端火漏波天线高增益辐射条件的有效性。

引用次数: 0

An improved sparse array design for improving DOA estimation performance under mutual coupling effect 一种改进的稀疏阵列设计，以提高互耦效应下的DOA估计性能

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156215

Dongqi Chen , Kun Ye , Chuanxi Xing , Lang Zhou , Haixin Sun

This paper proposes a novel nested array (IAMDNA) by defining the positions of array elements through a special subarray design. This array can maintain the degrees of freedom (DOF) at a better level while greatly reducing the mutual coupling effect of the array. The paper presents closed-form expressions for the sensor positions and their corresponding DOFs in the novel nested array structure. Furthermore, through rigorous proof, the optimal array position expression for a specific number of sensors is derived. Array structure analysis and numerical simulation results show that, without considering array mutual coupling effects, the array’s estimation performance depends only on the DOFs. Based on this, the estimation accuracy of IAMDNA is slightly inferior to that of the comparison array. However, once the mutual coupling effect that must be considered in practical applications is introduced, the estimation accuracy of the IAMDNA array is significantly better than that of the comparison array, achieving a performance reversal. In conclusion, the physical structure of the IAMDNA array is sparser, which enables it to maintain excellent DOF while having greater practical application capabilities to resist mutual coupling effects.

本文提出了一种新的嵌套阵列（IAMDNA），它通过一种特殊的子阵列设计来定义数组元素的位置。该阵列可以保持较好的自由度，同时大大降低了阵列的相互耦合效应。本文给出了新型嵌套阵列结构中传感器位置及其相应的自由度的封闭表达式。在此基础上，通过严格的证明，导出了特定数量传感器的最优阵列位置表达式。阵列结构分析和数值仿真结果表明，在不考虑阵列相互耦合效应的情况下，阵列的估计性能仅取决于自由度。基于此，IAMDNA的估计精度略低于比较阵列。然而，一旦引入实际应用中必须考虑的互耦合效应，IAMDNA阵列的估计精度明显优于比较阵列，实现性能逆转。综上所述，IAMDNA阵列的物理结构更稀疏，使其在保持良好的自由度的同时，具有更强的抗互耦效应的实际应用能力。

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引用次数: 0

Broadband DOA estimation with KL divergence for covariance matrix reconstruction 基于KL散度的协方差矩阵重构宽带DOA估计

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156213

Shuaishuai Pan, Zhiyong Luo

Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation has been applied in satellite applications. However, the growing demand for data volume has driven the gradual expansion of signal bandwidth, making broadband DOA estimation a critical challenge. Existing subspace-based DOA estimation algorithms usually exhibit weak performance and require prior information about the number of signals, limiting their practical applications. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel broadband DOA estimation method based on covariance matrix reconstruction. First, focusing processing is applied to sampled data at different frequency points, and Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD) is performed after obtaining the sample covariance matrix (SCM). Subsequently, a new clustering technique is developed by combining Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Markov Random Field (MRF) theory to classify eigenvalues into signal and noise classes, thereby determining the number of signals. Then, a metric based on Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence is constructed to measure subspace similarity and reconstruct the covariance matrix. Finally, DOA estimation is conducted using the reconstructed covariance matrix. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform other methods.

到达方向（DOA）估计已经在卫星中得到了应用。然而，随着数据量需求的不断增长，信号带宽逐渐扩大，使得宽带DOA估计成为一个严峻的挑战。现有的基于子空间的DOA估计算法通常表现出较弱的性能，并且需要有关信号数量的先验信息，限制了它们的实际应用。针对这一问题，本文提出了一种基于协方差矩阵重构的宽带DOA估计方法。首先对采样数据在不同频率点进行聚焦处理，得到样本协方差矩阵（SCM）后进行特征值分解（EVD）；随后，结合高斯混合模型（GMM）和马尔可夫随机场（MRF）理论，提出了一种新的聚类技术，将特征值分为信号和噪声两类，从而确定信号的数量。然后，构造基于Kullback-Leibler （KL）散度的度量来度量子空间相似性并重构协方差矩阵。最后，利用重构的协方差矩阵进行DOA估计。仿真结果表明，该算法优于其他方法。

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引用次数: 0

Joint robust beamforming design for RIS-assisted ISAC systems with hardware impairments 具有硬件缺陷的ris辅助ISAC系统联合鲁棒波束形成设计

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156209

Xinyu Zhang , Lijuan Zhong , Shidang Li , Yanping Zhou , Jianbin Cao , Chunguo Li

In practical wireless systems, transceiver hardware impairments (HWIs) introduce additional noise and nonlinear distortions, leading to degradation in physical layer security performance. In integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, the transmitted waveform carrying communication information is susceptible to eavesdropping by sensing targets. To address this challenge, this paper investigates a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted ISAC system that accounts for hardware impairments at both the transmitter and receiver. To enhance physical layer security and reduce information leakage to unauthorized users, we propose the strategic injection of artificial noise (AN) under certain conditions to degrade the signal quality at potential eavesdroppers. Specifically, we formulate a joint optimization problem involving sensing beamforming, artificial noise design, and RIS reflection coefficients, aiming to maximize the achievable secrecy rate while satisfying constraints on total transmit power, minimum communication rate, minimum radar sensing signal-to-noise ratio (SINR), and unit-modulus reflection coefficients. To solve the resulting non-convex problem, we first perform an equivalent transformation and decouple it into two non-convex subproblems. We then apply successive convex approximation (SCA) and semidefinite relaxation (SDR) to approximate the subproblems as convex programs. Finally, an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm is developed to efficiently solve the reformulated problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively mitigates the performance degradation caused by hardware impairments and achieves an optimal trade-off between interference shaping and privacy preservation, outperforming conventional schemes without AN, RIS, or hardware impairment considerations.

在实际的无线系统中，收发器硬件损伤（hwi）会引入额外的噪声和非线性失真，导致物理层安全性能下降。在集成传感与通信（ISAC）系统中，传输的携带通信信息的波形容易被传感目标窃听。为了解决这一挑战，本文研究了一种可重构智能表面（RIS）辅助ISAC系统，该系统考虑了发射器和接收器的硬件损伤。为了增强物理层安全性，减少信息泄露给未授权用户，我们提出在一定条件下注入人工噪声（AN）的策略，以降低潜在窃听者的信号质量。具体而言，我们制定了一个涉及传感波束形成、人工噪声设计和RIS反射系数的联合优化问题，旨在最大化可实现的保密率，同时满足总发射功率、最小通信速率、最小雷达传感信噪比（SINR）和单位模反射系数的约束。为了解决由此产生的非凸问题，我们首先执行等效变换并将其解耦为两个非凸子问题。然后应用连续凸逼近（SCA）和半定松弛（SDR）将子问题近似为凸规划。最后，提出了一种交替优化（AO）算法，以有效地解决重表述问题。仿真结果表明，该方案有效地缓解了硬件损伤引起的性能下降，并在干扰整形和隐私保护之间实现了最佳权衡，优于不考虑an、RIS或硬件损伤的传统方案。

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引用次数: 0

Compact MIMO antenna employing inductive-capacitive coupling and honeycomb defected ground structure 采用电感-电容耦合和蜂窝缺陷接地结构的紧凑MIMO天线

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156208

Trishna Doloi , Gouree Shankar Das , Partha Protim Kalita , Yatish Beria , Reeta Devi , Akash Buragohain

This work presents a fractal 2-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with wideband characteristics. The design covers a frequency range of 5.2–7.8 GHz, which falls under the C-band of the electromagnetic spectrum and achieves a 40% relative bandwidth at 6.5 GHz center frequency. The antenna has a compact dimension of 28 mm × 22 mm × 1.6 mm. It consists of two planar monopole radiating elements with partial ground modifications and a sequence of parasitic slots strategically placed in the ground plane. The identical radiating patches are positioned symmetrically to reduce correlation. Inductive resonant lines are incorporated into the ground plane to work as decoupling components. This suppresses surface current coupling between the antenna ports, thereby improving isolation despite using a low-cost substrate. A honeycomb defected ground structure (DGS) layout is etched, which helps in expanding the impedance bandwidth. It provides an isolation level of more than −15 dB. The diversity parameters like channel capacity loss (CCL), mean effective gain (MEG), etc. are found to be within the optimal limits. These traits make the small wideband antenna suitable for high-performance wireless applications such as the 5.9 GHz WLAN, 5.8 GHz Wi-Fi, and Wi-Fi 6/6E (IEEE 802.11ax), among others.

本文提出了一种分形的2端口多输入多输出（MIMO）宽带天线。设计覆盖的频率范围为5.2-7.8 GHz，属于电磁波谱的c波段，在6.5 GHz中心频率处实现了40%的相对带宽。天线具有28毫米× 22毫米× 1.6毫米的紧凑尺寸。它由两个平面单极辐射元件组成，部分地修改和一系列寄生槽策略性地放置在地平面上。相同的辐射块被对称地定位以降低相关性。电感谐振线被并入地平面作为去耦元件。这抑制了天线端口之间的表面电流耦合，从而提高了隔离，尽管使用了低成本的衬底。蚀刻蜂窝缺陷地面结构（DGS）布局，有助于扩大阻抗带宽。提供大于−15db的隔离级别。信道容量损失（CCL）、平均有效增益（MEG）等分集参数均在最优范围内。这些特性使得小型宽带天线适用于高性能无线应用，如5.9 GHz WLAN、5.8 GHz Wi-Fi和Wi-Fi 6/6E （IEEE 802.11ax）等。

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引用次数: 0

Wideband RCS reduction of circularly polarized flexible antenna using polarization conversion metasurface 利用极化转换超表面降低圆极化柔性天线宽带RCS

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156206

Zheng You, Jinqi Zhang, Xuyin Niu, Guangqian Wu, Shaofeng Wang

A flexible wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna with low radar cross section (RCS) is proposed. It employs a double-layer polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) integrated with a phase control surface (PCS). The metasurface units are orthogonally arranged to form a checkerboard patterned metasurface, which is integrated with a slot antenna array fed by a sequential rotating power divider network with a 90° phase difference. The feed network is fabricated on the flexible printed circuit (FPC). The CP antenna achieves a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth from 6.72 GHz to 9.06 GHz and provides over 10 dB radar cross section (RCS) reduction across 5.82 GHz to 19.85 GHz. Under central bending angle from 0° to 90° conditions, the proposed antenna maintains stable RCS reduction and radiation performance, while also suppressing RCS for oblique incident electromagnetic waves within elevation angles from 0° to 45°. The designed metasurface antenna is suitable for radar detection systems and wearable devices.

提出了一种低雷达截面（RCS）的柔性宽带圆极化天线。它采用双层偏振转换超表面（PCM）和相位控制表面（PCS）集成。所述超表面单元正交排列形成棋盘图案的超表面，该超表面与由具有90°相位差的顺序旋转功率分配器网络馈电的槽天线阵列集成。该馈电网络是在柔性印刷电路（FPC）上制作的。CP天线在6.72 GHz至9.06 GHz范围内实现了3 dB轴比（AR）带宽，并在5.82 GHz至19.85 GHz范围内提供了超过10 dB的雷达横截面（RCS）降低。在中心弯曲角为0°~ 90°的条件下，天线保持稳定的RCS降低和辐射性能，同时在仰角为0°~ 45°的倾斜入射电磁波中也能抑制RCS。所设计的超表面天线适用于雷达探测系统和可穿戴设备。

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引用次数: 0

A partitioned iterative method for bistatic scattering analysis of PEC cavities with internal–external incident field decomposition 内外入射场分解的PEC腔双稳态散射分析的分割迭代方法

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156207

Da Huang, Ming Bai

A partitioned iterative method is proposed for the scattering analysis of thin-walled PEC cavities under plane wave excitation. The method decomposes the excitation into internal and external components separated by the cavity aperture, enabling independent iterative calculations of induced currents on the inner and outer cavity walls. Iterative calculations for the induced currents in both parts are independent, and total scattered fields are synthesized from both parts. This partitioned iterative method is particularly applicable to solving bistatic scattering problems, achieving higher accuracy compared with the Iterative Physical Optics (IPO) method and Physical Optics (PO) in the case of cavity and duct models. Numerical results validate the accuracy of the method and the necessity of employing the partitioned iterative strategy.

提出了一种平面波激励下薄壁PEC空腔散射分析的划分迭代法。该方法将激励分解为由腔孔径分隔的内外分量，实现了内外腔壁上感应电流的独立迭代计算。两部分感应电流的迭代计算是独立的，并由两部分合成总散射场。这种划分迭代方法特别适用于求解双稳态散射问题，在腔体和导管模型中，与迭代物理光学（IPO）方法和物理光学（PO）方法相比，具有更高的精度。数值结果验证了该方法的准确性和采用分段迭代策略的必要性。

引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal modulated multi-functional Non-reciprocal filtering phase shifter with continuously tunable frequency and isolator functionalities 具有连续可调频率和隔离功能的时空调制多功能非互反滤波移相器

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156192

Girdhari Chaudhary , Yongchae Jeong

This paper presents RF co-design approach for a multi-function filtering phase shifter that integrate functionalities of a tunable bandpass filter, continuously tunable phase shifter, and isolator into a single circuit. To support detailed design, the analytical spectral S-parameters of the proposed multi-function non-reciprocal filtering phase shifter have been derived. The isolator functionality (i.e. |S₂₁| ≠ |S₁₂|) can be achieved using time-varying capacitors modulated by progressive phase shift sinusoidal signal. The frequency and transmission phase can be simultaneously tuned by varying resonant frequency of resonators. For experimental validation, a microstrip line multi-function non-reciprocal filtering phase shifter is designed, fabricated and measured. The measurement demonstrates a phase shift range of 200^o with forward insertion loss less than 4.9 dB and reverse isolation higher than 30 dB across all phase shift and frequency tuning states. The passband frequency is tuned from 1.42 GHz to 1.75 GHz, providing frequency tunability range of 330 MHz (i.e. tuning ratio: 1:1.2324), while maintaining phase shift range of 200^o at each frequency tuning state. Furthermore, the measured input and output return losses are higher than 12 dB for each phase shift and passband frequency tuning states.

本文提出了一种多功能滤波移相器的射频协同设计方法，该方法将可调谐带通滤波器、连续可调谐移相器和隔离器的功能集成到单个电路中。为了支持详细设计，推导了所提出的多功能非互反滤波移相器的解析光谱s参数。隔离器功能（即|S21|≠|S12|）可以使用由渐进相移正弦信号调制的时变电容器来实现。通过改变谐振器的谐振频率，可以同时调谐频率和传输相位。为了实验验证，设计、制作并测量了微带线多功能非互反滤波移相器。测量结果表明，在所有相移和频率调谐状态下，相移范围为2000，正向插入损耗小于4.9 dB，反向隔离高于30 dB。通带频率从1.42 GHz调谐到1.75 GHz，提供330 MHz的频率可调谐范围（即调谐比：1:1.2324），同时在每个频率调谐状态下保持2000的相移范围。此外，在每个相移和通带频率调谐状态下，测量的输入和输出回波损耗均大于12 dB。

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引用次数: 0

Behavioral modeling of microwave components in constrained domains using recurrent neural networks with attention layers 基于关注层的递归神经网络约束域微波组件行为建模

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156193

Slawomir Koziel , Kaustab C. Sahu , Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska

Full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis is commonly used in microwave engineering. Nonetheless, EM-driven design involves considerable expenses. Surrogate modeling may mitigate this issue; however, constructing reliable metamodels is demanding due to the curse of dimensionality and design utility requirements. This paper introduces a novel data-driven modeling methodology that integrates an attention mechanism into Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU). The proposed surrogate enhances the representation of sequential dependencies across the frequency range in S-parameter estimation, treating frequency responses as time-series data. The projected LSTM and GRU layers reduce the dimensionality of the hidden states through a learned projection matrix, which reduces computational complexity and enhances the capacity of the model to capture long-term dependencies. Another enhancement is the attention mechanism, which dynamically assigns greater importance to critical frequency regions and enables the model to selectively highlight the most relevant components (e.g., corresponding to the circuit's center frequencies). The predictive power is further improved by sensitivity-based dimensionality reduction. Comprehensive verification showcases the competitive performance of our technique regarding predictive power as compared to multiple benchmark methods.

全波电磁分析是微波工程中常用的一种分析方法。然而，电磁驱动的设计涉及相当大的费用。代理建模可以缓解这个问题；然而，由于维度和设计实用需求的限制，构建可靠的元模型是非常困难的。本文介绍了一种新的数据驱动建模方法，该方法将注意力机制集成到基于长短期记忆（LSTM）和门控循环单元（GRU）的循环神经网络（rnn）中。所提出的代理增强了s参数估计中跨频率范围的顺序依赖关系的表示，将频率响应视为时间序列数据。投影LSTM层和GRU层通过学习投影矩阵降低了隐藏状态的维数，降低了计算复杂度，增强了模型捕获长期依赖关系的能力。另一个增强是注意机制，它动态地为关键频率区域分配更大的重要性，并使模型能够选择性地突出最相关的组件（例如，对应于电路的中心频率）。基于灵敏度的降维进一步提高了预测能力。与多个基准测试方法相比，综合验证展示了我们的技术在预测能力方面的竞争力。

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引用次数: 0