Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献

Design of band reconfigurable Koch fractal antenna for wideband applications 为宽带应用设计频带可重构的 Koch 分形天线

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155592

Khushbu Patel, Santanu Kumar Behera

In this communication, a band reconfigurable fractal antenna with modified partial ground is proposed for wireless applications. Four switches using PIN diodes supported by the antenna biasing circuit provide frequency reconfigurability, while star-shaped fractal geometry is used to achieve both miniaturisation and wideband functioning in the proposed antenna. The surface current distribution of the radiating patch is altered by the ON and OFF states of the PIN diode, which leads to the multiband resonance and reconfiguration features of the designed structure. The design has an overall electrical size of 70 × 45 × 1.6 mm³ and is made on a commonly available FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.4. The three operational bands are as follows: case I, which covers 3.7–5 GHz (30 %); case II, which covers 1.7–3.5 GHz (71 %); and case III, which covers 1.4–4 GHz (96 %). Two distinct bands are obtained in cases I and II; and case III nearly covers the frequency band of cases I and II. Therefore, the impedance bandwidth (IBW) offers continuous wideband frequency coverage from 1.4 to 5 GHz (110 %). To sense the full band and then modify its bandwidth to choose the appropriate sub-band and prefilter out the others, the proposed antenna may switch between a wide operational band of 1.4–5 GHz with three distinct subbands. The antenna could potentially be useful for wireless communication systems in the future due to its frequency-selective feature and stable radiation patterns.

在这篇通讯中，针对无线应用提出了一种带可重构分形天线，该天线具有改进的部分接地。天线偏压电路支持的四个 PIN 二极管开关提供了频率可重构性，而星形分形几何则实现了天线的小型化和宽带功能。PIN 二极管的导通和关断状态会改变辐射贴片的表面电流分布，从而导致设计结构的多频带共振和重配置特性。设计的整体电气尺寸为 70 × 45 × 1.6 mm3，采用厚度为 1.6 mm、介电常数为 4.4 的常见 FR4 基板。三个工作频带如下：情况 I 涵盖 3.7-5 GHz（30%）；情况 II 涵盖 1.7-3.5 GHz（71%）；情况 III 涵盖 1.4-4 GHz（96%）。情况 I 和情况 II 得到了两个不同的频带；情况 III 几乎覆盖了情况 I 和情况 II 的频带。因此，阻抗带宽（IBW）提供了从 1.4 到 5 GHz（110 %）的连续宽带频率覆盖。为了感测全频段，然后修改带宽以选择适当的子频段并预滤掉其他频段，拟议的天线可以在 1.4-5 GHz 的宽工作频段和三个不同的子频段之间切换。由于其频率选择特性和稳定的辐射模式，该天线有可能在未来的无线通信系统中发挥作用。

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引用次数: 0

Simultaneous multi-person vital signs monitoring using multiple-input multiple-output FMCW millimeter wave radar 利用多输入多输出 FMCW 毫米波雷达同时监测多人生命体征

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155578

Shuaikang Xue , Zhihuo Xu , Yuexia Wang , Jiajia Shi , Abdulkadir C. Yucel

Non-contact radar-based vital signs measurement holds immense significance in the context of a rapidly ageing society, underscoring its pivotal role in modern healthcare. While substantial progress has been made in developing radar-based systems for single-person vital sign detection, there remains a conspicuous gap in the domain of simultaneous multi-person measurement. This challenge is compounded by the inherently weak heart signals captured by radar, further exacerbated when dealing with multiple individuals. This paper presents a cutting-edge non-contact measurement system with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) millimeter wave (mmW) radar for simultaneous multi-person vital signs monitoring. Firstly, a fusion-based approach is presented for multi-person localization within sequential MIMO range-angle maps. Subsequently, an optimization-based method is outlined for the extraction of vital signs, adeptly retrieving respiratory and cardiac signals from the radar’s phase data for each individual. Through extensive experimental validations, the system demonstrates a remarkably low error rate of 1.03% for respiratory measurement and 2.70% for cardiac measurement, reaffirming its efficacy and reliability.

在快速老龄化的社会背景下，基于雷达的非接触式生命体征测量具有重要意义，凸显了其在现代医疗保健中的关键作用。虽然在开发基于雷达的单人生命体征检测系统方面取得了重大进展，但在多人同步测量领域仍存在明显差距。雷达捕捉到的心脏信号本身就很微弱，在多人同时测量时，这一挑战更加严峻。本文介绍了一种采用多输入多输出（MIMO）频率调制连续波（FMCW）毫米波（mmW）雷达的尖端非接触式测量系统，用于多人同时生命体征监测。首先，介绍了一种基于融合的方法，用于在连续的 MIMO 测距角地图内进行多人定位。随后，概述了一种基于优化的生命体征提取方法，该方法能从雷达相位数据中提取每个人的呼吸和心脏信号。通过广泛的实验验证，该系统在呼吸测量和心脏测量方面分别实现了 1.03% 和 2.70% 的极低误差率，再次证明了其功效和可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid-coupler-based quasi-reflectionless balanced bandpass filter with all common mode suppression 基于混合耦合器的全共模抑制准无反射平衡带通滤波器

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155593

Jinlong Wang, Xuehui Guan, Baoping Ren, Shaopeng Wan

Hybrid-coupler-based quasi-reflectionless balanced bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The reflectionless balanced BPF is comprised of two hybrid couplers and a filtering crossover. The filtering crossover is composed by a dual-mode ring resonator coupled with four short-circuited open-loop resonators, which is used to replace the traditional two BPFs for reduction of interference. Hybrid couplers are used for absorbing the reflected interference to the input and output ports. In order to achieve common-mode (CM) suppression, a double-layer structure with the same microstrip configuration on the upper and lower surfaces is adopted. The absorption characteristics of the differential mode (DM) and CM signals are optimized by hybrid couplers with improved ground. A third-order quasi-reflectionless balanced BPF with central frequency of 2.3 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 14 % is designed, fabricated, and measured. The final measured results demonstrate great consistency with the simulated ones.

本文提出并演示了基于混合耦合器的准无反射平衡带通滤波器（BPF）。无反射平衡带通滤波器由两个混合耦合器和一个滤波分频器组成。滤波分频器由一个双模环形谐振器和四个短路开环谐振器组成，用来取代传统的两个 BPF，以减少干扰。混合耦合器用于吸收反射到输入和输出端口的干扰。为了实现共模（CM）抑制，采用了上下表面具有相同微带配置的双层结构。差模（DM）和 CM 信号的吸收特性通过改进接地的混合耦合器得以优化。设计、制造和测量了一个中心频率为 2.3 GHz、分数带宽为 14 % 的三阶准无反射平衡 BPF。最终测量结果与模拟结果非常一致。

引用次数: 0

FPGA implementation of an optimized neural network for CFD acceleration 用于 CFD 加速的优化神经网络的 FPGA 实现

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155574

Gökalp Çevik , Baykal Sarıoğlu , İbrahim Başar Aka

In this work, an evaluation of FPGAs as the central computation platform in domain-specific AI-accelerated CFD simulations is performed. This evaluation is performed in three categories: power efficiency, speed, and accuracy. The specific domain in the study is the FDA nozzle benchmark, which is simulated using SimpleFoam, a laminar solver that is a component of the OpenFOAM CFD toolbox. The proposed AI model is a low-parameter feed-forward neural network with three fully connected layers, trained using steady-state solutions distinguished by various Reynolds numbers, all of which are computed by the OpenFOAM framework. The proposed model can then generate the steady-state CFD simulation result given the initial few iterations generated by the solver. Moreover, this paper introduces a hardware implementation for inference of the simulation results using an SoC chip with minimal hardware resource utilization. The suggested hardware design is developed from scratch for Zynq-7000 System-on-Chip, using only VHDL, and requiring no dependencies on third-party commercial AI frameworks or costly FPGA boards designed for AI-related applications. The proposed workflow in the test case study achieves a 98% reduction in simulation time while maintaining relatively high accuracy and a 95.6% reduction in energy consumption compared with the regular CFD workflow.

在这项工作中，对 FPGA 作为特定领域人工智能加速 CFD 模拟的核心计算平台进行了评估。评估分为三类：能效、速度和精度。研究中的特定领域是 FDA 喷嘴基准，使用 SimpleFoam 进行模拟，这是一种层流求解器，是 OpenFOAM CFD 工具箱的一个组件。所提出的人工智能模型是一个具有三个全连接层的低参数前馈神经网络，使用不同雷诺数的稳态解进行训练，所有雷诺数均由 OpenFOAM 框架计算。根据求解器生成的初始迭代次数，所提出的模型可以生成稳态 CFD 仿真结果。此外，本文还介绍了使用 SoC 芯片推理模拟结果的硬件实现方法，硬件资源利用率极低。建议的硬件设计是针对 Zynq-7000 片上系统从零开始开发的，仅使用 VHDL，无需依赖第三方商业人工智能框架或为人工智能相关应用设计的昂贵 FPGA 板。与常规 CFD 工作流程相比，测试案例研究中提出的工作流程在保持相对较高精度的同时，仿真时间减少了 98%，能耗降低了 95.6%。

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引用次数: 0

Isolation improvement in MIMO antenna with a simple hybrid technique of orthogonal and inverse currents 利用正交和反向电流的简单混合技术改善多输入多输出天线的隔离性能

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155576

Manzoor Elahi , Slawomir Koziel , Leifur Leifsson

This paper presents a compact high-isolation multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna developed using a hybrid approach. The proposed technique combines induced orthogonal currents and self-inverse currents to enhance the antenna’s performance. Orthogonal currents are generated by strategically etching open slots on the antenna patches, while self-inverse currents are introduced by integration of annular vias. By carefully adjusting the radius and position of the annular vias and optimizing the patch geometry, the design achieves optimal resonance frequency alignment and significantly improved isolation. The fabricated prototype exhibits an exceptional isolation of 55 dB at 5.75 GHz, accompanied by a realized gain of 6.7 dB. Measured radiation patterns in the

ϕ = 0^{\circ}

and

ϕ = 9 0^{\circ}

planes show excellent agreement with simulated results. The proposed low-profile antenna design has a substantial potential for enhancing MIMO applications in contemporary wireless communication systems.

本文介绍了一种采用混合方法开发的紧凑型高隔离多输入多输出（MIMO）天线。所提出的技术结合了诱导正交电流和自反向电流，以增强天线的性能。正交电流是通过在天线贴片上战略性地蚀刻开槽产生的，而自反向电流则是通过整合环形通孔引入的。通过仔细调整环形通孔的半径和位置以及优化贴片的几何形状，该设计实现了最佳谐振频率排列，并显著提高了隔离度。制作的原型在 5.75 GHz 时的隔离度高达 55 dB，同时实现了 6.7 dB 的增益。在 ϕ=0∘ 和 ϕ=90∘ 平面上测量到的辐射模式与模拟结果非常吻合。所提出的低剖面天线设计在增强当代无线通信系统中的多输入多输出应用方面具有巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Twin cascaded-trisection coupling topology and its application to dielectric waveguide resonator diplexer 双级联-三段耦合拓扑及其在介质波导谐振器双工器中的应用

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155573

Xin Xu, Wei Qin, Jian-Xin Chen

This article investigates the twin cascaded-trisection (TCT) coupling topology, based on which a dielectric waveguide resonator (DWR) diplexer is designed. The TCT topology is constructed by two traditional trisection structures with one coupling route being shared. By properly setting the polarities of the couplings, it can generate two transmission zeros (TZs) on one side of the passband, either the low side or the high side. In order to facilitate the TCT topology, a four-pole DWR unit is constructed by flexibly utilizing four hexagonal DWRs. A diplexer with two frequency bands of 3.4 GHz−3.5 GHz (Channel 1) and 3.6 GHz−3.7 GHz (Channel 2) is designed by using two four-pole DWR units. A printed circuit board (PCB) is employed to realize the feeding and matching network for the two units. Two TZs are generated on the high side of the Channel 1 and two TZs are generated on the low side of Channel 2, making the filtering selectivity improved. The designed diplexer is fabricated and measured. For the two measured channels, the minimum insertion losses are 0.85 dB and 0.94 dB, and the isolations are better than 44 dB and 31 dB.

本文研究了双级联三剖面（TCT）耦合拓扑结构，并在此基础上设计了介质波导谐振器（DWR）双工器。TCT 拓扑由两个传统的三段式结构构成，其中共用一条耦合路径。通过正确设置耦合的极性，它可以在通带的一侧（低频侧或高频侧）产生两个传输零点（TZ）。为了促进 TCT 拓扑结构，我们通过灵活使用四个六边形 DWR 构建了一个四极 DWR 单元。通过使用两个四极 DWR 单元，设计出具有 3.4 GHz-3.5 GHz（通道 1）和 3.6 GHz-3.7 GHz（通道 2）两个频段的双工器。采用一块印刷电路板（PCB）来实现两个单元的馈电和匹配网络。通道 1 的高频侧产生两个 TZ，通道 2 的低频侧产生两个 TZ，从而提高了滤波选择性。对所设计的双工器进行了制造和测量。两个测量通道的最小插入损耗分别为 0.85 dB 和 0.94 dB，隔离度分别优于 44 dB 和 31 dB。

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引用次数: 0

Simple power-efficient preamplifier-shaper channel for readout interface of silicon detectors 用于硅探测器读出接口的简单省电前置放大器-整形器通道

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155577

Sánchez-Rodríguez Trinidad , Gómez-Galán Juan Antonio , Hinojo-Montero José , Sánchez-Raya Manuel , Muñoz Fernando , González-Carvajal Ramón

This paper presents the design and characteristics of a front-end readout system for silicon sensors used in nuclear spectroscopy studies. Furthermore, the study proposes circuit topologies that combine gain-boosting and class-AB techniques featuring a good performance regarding gain, accuracy, speed, linearity, and power consumption, meeting the stringent requirements of deep submicrometer CMOS technologies. The readout channel comprises a charge-sensitive amplifier with a tunable discharge time, pole-zero cancellation circuit, and first-order unipolar shaper with a peaking time of 90 ns. The building blocks are made up of single-stage op-amps, thus not requiring compensation. Furthermore, the circuit is optimized for a detector capacitance of 5 pF, and the noise performance is discussed. Experimental results in a 180 nm CMOS process and a supply voltage of ±0.9 V validate the designed front-end channel. The total area of the chip obtained was 0.028 mm². The conversion gain was 3.1 mV/fC, and the system maintained linearity up to an input charge range of 150 fC with a maximum output swing of 460 mV and recovered to the baseline within 400 ns. The compact design and the power consumption of only 1.97 mW provided a feasible solution for current radiation detectors coupled to many highly dense electronic channels.

本文介绍了用于核光谱研究的硅传感器前端读出系统的设计和特点。此外，该研究还提出了结合增益提升和 AB 类技术的电路拓扑结构，在增益、精度、速度、线性度和功耗方面具有良好的性能，满足深亚微米 CMOS 技术的严格要求。读出通道包括一个具有可调放电时间的电荷敏感放大器、极零消除电路和峰值时间为 90 ns 的一阶单极整形器。这些构件由单级运算放大器组成，因此无需补偿。此外，还针对 5 pF 的检测器电容对电路进行了优化，并对噪声性能进行了讨论。180 纳米 CMOS 工艺和 ±0.9 V 电源电压下的实验结果验证了所设计的前端通道。获得的芯片总面积为 0.028 mm2。转换增益为 3.1 mV/fC，系统在 150 fC 的输入电荷范围内保持线性，最大输出摆幅为 460 mV，并在 400 ns 内恢复到基线。该系统设计紧凑，功耗仅为 1.97 mW，为当前与许多高密度电子通道耦合的辐射探测器提供了可行的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Design and simultaneous analytical optimization of microwave filters with superimposed rectangular cavities for radar applications 设计和同步分析优化雷达应用中的叠加矩形腔微波滤波器

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155572

Anicet Nzepang Djianga , Clement Mbinack , Guy Ayissi Eyebe , Ping Zhao , Jean Sire Armand Eyebe Fouda

In this paper, a method for the rapid design of filters with superimposed rectangular cavities is proposed. It starts with a good initialization of the filter dimensions from the targeted coupling matrix, which serves as the basis for calculating the bandwidth of the inter-cavity couplings (CBW) and the group delay (GD) of the input/output couplings. Next, an analytical and simultaneous optimization of all filter dimensions is applied. It is based on the extraction of the S-parameter coupling matrix from Model-based Vector Fitting (MVF) coupled to the Generalized Isospectral Flow Method (GIFM). The differences between the coefficients of the targeted matrix and the extracted matrix are then calculated, and depending on their positive or negative signs, appropriate adjustments are applied to the filter dimensions. This computer-aided design (CAD) process was successfully used to design one single-band and one dual-band 6th-order microwave filters with superimposed-cavity , with respective center frequencies of 10 GHz and 9.99 GHz, and taking into account milling constraints for eventual manufacture.

本文提出了一种快速设计叠加矩形腔滤波器的方法。该方法首先根据目标耦合矩阵对滤波器尺寸进行良好的初始化，并以此为基础计算腔间耦合的带宽（CBW）和输入/输出耦合的群延迟（GD）。接下来，对所有滤波器尺寸进行分析和同步优化。它基于基于模型的矢量拟合（MVF）和广义等谱流动法（GIFM）提取 S 参数耦合矩阵。然后计算目标矩阵系数与提取矩阵系数之间的差值，并根据其正负符号对滤波器尺寸进行适当调整。这种计算机辅助设计（CAD）流程被成功用于设计一个单频和一个双频叠腔六阶微波滤波器，其中心频率分别为 10 GHz 和 9.99 GHz，并考虑到了最终制造的铣削限制。

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引用次数: 0

Magnetic actuator driver system for laser scanning capsule endoscopy 用于激光扫描胶囊内窥镜的磁性致动器驱动系统

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155571

Berkay Kebapcıoğlu , Kuter Erdil , Ahmet Can Erten , Onur Ferhanoğlu , Mustafa Berke Yelten

This paper focuses on designing and implementing a power and area-efficient magnetic actuator driver interface integrated circuit for laser scanning capsule endoscopy. The proposed system contains a 3D-printed focus-adjusting actuator embarking a lens, multiple magnets, an external coil, battery, laser, and actuator driver integrated circuit with off-chip components. The actuator features multiple pantograph springs connected to the lens, as well as multiple magnets, enabling precise focusing capability through electromagnetic actuation. A magnetic actuator driver integrated circuit implemented in a commercial 180 nm CMOS process drives the coil at 32 Hz, which is the mechanical resonance frequency of the actuator. A novel control methodology for the driver has been devised, aimed at enhancing driving efficiency and mitigating total harmonic distortion. Simulations and measurements substantiate that the actuator can induce a 3.22 mm focal point displacement while the driver circuit delivers 9.62 mA (RMS) current to the 7.7 mH coil. Under these conditions, the system exhibits an aggregate power consumption of 11.48 mW, thereby achieving a power efficiency of 85.5%.

本文的重点是为激光扫描胶囊内窥镜设计和实现一种省电、省面积的磁性致动器驱动器接口集成电路。所提议的系统包含一个三维打印的聚焦调节致动器，其中包含一个透镜、多块磁铁、一个外部线圈、电池、激光器和带有片外元件的致动器驱动集成电路。致动器具有与透镜相连的多个受电弓弹簧和多个磁铁，可通过电磁致动实现精确对焦功能。磁致动器驱动器集成电路采用商用 180 nm CMOS 工艺，以 32 Hz 的频率驱动线圈，这是致动器的机械共振频率。为驱动器设计了一种新的控制方法，旨在提高驱动效率和减少总谐波失真。模拟和测量结果表明，当驱动器电路为 7.7 mH 线圈提供 9.62 mA（有效值）电流时，致动器可产生 3.22 mm 的焦点位移。在这些条件下，系统的总功耗为 11.48 mW，功率效率达到 85.5%。

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引用次数: 0

An ultra-wideband triple-polarization reconfigurable Vivaldi array antenna 超宽带三极化可重构维瓦尔第阵列天线

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155575

Yajin Wang, Minjian Ao, Jianxun Su, Qingxin Guo, Zengrui Li

This paper proposes an ultra-wideband (UWB) polarization reconfigurable array antenna (PRAA) which realizes linear polarization (LP), right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP). The proposed UWB PRAA comprises a cross-orthogonal Vivaldi array antenna and a reconfigurable feeding network which is constructed by UWB phase shifters and power dividers. Polarized reconfiguration of the PRAA is achieved by controlling the on–off state of the PIN diodes on the reconfigurable feeding network. The proposed UWB PRAA has an LP operating bandwidth of 1.95–12.55 GHz with a maximum gain of 17 dBi, and the operating bandwidth of both LHCP and RHCP is 2.8–12.6 GHz with a maximum gain of 17.5 dBi. The relative bandwidth of the triple-polarized reconfiguration array antenna is 127 %. The measurement results show good agreement with simulation, which indicates the proposed antenna is a good candidate for advanced UWB and multi-polarization requirement systems.

本文提出了一种可实现线性极化（LP）、右旋圆极化（RHCP）和左旋圆极化（LHCP）的超宽带（UWB）极化可重构阵列天线（PRAA）。拟议的 UWB PRAA 由一个交叉正交维瓦尔第阵列天线和一个可重构馈电网络组成，后者由 UWB 移相器和功率分配器构成。通过控制可重构馈电网络上 PIN 二极管的通断状态，可实现 PRAA 的极化重配置。拟议的 UWB PRAA 的 LP 工作带宽为 1.95-12.55 GHz，最大增益为 17 dBi，LHCP 和 RHCP 的工作带宽为 2.8-12.6 GHz，最大增益为 17.5 dBi。三极化重配置阵列天线的相对带宽为 127%。测量结果与仿真结果显示出良好的一致性，这表明所提出的天线是先进的 UWB 和多极化要求系统的理想候选天线。

引用次数: 0