Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Norepinephrine in Healthy Volunteers Prior to and During General Anesthesia.

Abstract

Background: Intraoperation hypotension (IOH) is commonly observed in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia, and even a brief episode of IOH can lead to unfavorable outcomes. To reduce the risk, blood pressure is closely measured during general anesthesia, and norepinephrine (NE) is frequently administered if hypotension is detected. Despite its routine application, information on the dose-exposure-response relationship of NE remains limited. Additionally, quantification of the influence of general anesthesia on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of NE is lacking.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to describe NE PK in healthy volunteers and the influence of general anesthesia on its PK.

Methods: A single-center, cross-over study was conducted in healthy volunteers. The volunteers received a step-up NE dosing scheme (0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.20 mcg^-1/kg^-1/min^-1) first in the awake state and then under general anesthesia. General anesthesia was administered using a propofol/remifentanil Eleveld target-controlled infusion. During general anesthesia, a 30-second electrical stimulus was given as surrogate for surgical incision to the volunteers at each dosage step. Blood samples were drawn before the initial dosing and after each dosing step, and plasma NE, propofol and remifentanil concentrations were subsequently determined. A population PK model was developed using non-linear mixed effects modelling. Simulations were conducted to predict the plasma NE concentration in patients at different measured propofol concentrations.

Results: A total of 1219 samples were analyzed from 36 volunteers. A two-compartment model with a first-order elimination best described the data. Weight, age, and session effect (awake vs general anesthesia) were identified as relevant covariates on the clearance (CL) of NE. A 10% decrease in NE CL was observed after general anesthesia induction. This difference between sessions is better explained by the measured concentration of propofol, rather than the anticipated impact of cardiac output. The estimated post-stimulation NE concentration is 0.66 nmol/L^-1 (95% CI 0.06-1.20 nmol/L^-1) lower than the pre-stimulation NE concentration. Model simulation indicates that patients at a higher measured propofol concentration (e.g., 6 mcg/mL^-1) exhibited higher NE concentrations (95% PI 18.10-43.89 nmol/L^-1) than patients at a lower measured propofol concentration (e.g., 3 mcg/mL^-1) (95% PI 16.81-38.91 nmol L^-1).

Conclusion: The NE PK is well described with a two-compartment model with a first-order elimination. NE CL exhibiting a 10% decrease under general anesthesia, with this difference being attributed to the measured concentration of propofol. The impact of stimulation on NE PK under general anesthesia is very limited.

Clinical trials registration number: NL9312.