Overview of Methylation and Demethylation Mechanisms and Influencing Factors of Mercury in Water.

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Toxics Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI:10.3390/toxics12100715

Wenyu Zhao, Runjie Gan, Bensen Xian, Tong Wu, Guoping Wu, Shixin Huang, Ronghua Wang, Zixuan Liu, Qin Zhang, Shaoyuan Bai, Mingming Fu, Yanan Zhang

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Abstract

Mercury, particularly in its methylated form, poses a significant environmental and health risk in aquatic ecosystems. While the toxicity and bioaccumulation of mercury are well documented, there remains a critical gap in our understanding of the mechanisms governing mercury methylation and demethylation in aquatic environments. This review systematically examines the complex interplay of chemical, biological, and physical factors that influence mercury speciation and transformation in natural water systems. We provide a comprehensive analysis of methylation and demethylation processes, specifically focusing on the dominant role of methanogenic bacteria. Our study highlights the crucial function of hgcAB genes in facilitating mercury methylation by anaerobic microorganisms, an area that represents a frontier in current research. By synthesizing the existing knowledge and identifying key research priorities, this review offers novel insights into the intricate dynamics of mercury cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Our findings provide a theoretical framework to inform future studies and guide pollution management strategies for mercury and its compounds in aquatic environments.

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水中汞的甲基化和脱甲基化机制及影响因素概述。

汞，尤其是甲基化形式的汞，在水生生态系统中对环境和健康构成了重大风险。虽然汞的毒性和生物蓄积性已被充分记录，但我们对水生环境中汞的甲基化和去甲基化机理的了解仍有很大差距。本综述系统地研究了影响自然水体系统中汞的分化和转化的化学、生物和物理因素之间复杂的相互作用。我们对甲基化和去甲基化过程进行了全面分析，特别侧重于甲烷菌的主导作用。我们的研究强调了 hgcAB 基因在促进厌氧微生物汞甲基化过程中的关键作用，这是当前研究的一个前沿领域。通过综合现有知识并确定关键的研究重点，本综述对水生生态系统中错综复杂的汞循环动态提供了新的见解。我们的研究结果为今后的研究提供了一个理论框架，并为水生环境中汞及其化合物的污染管理策略提供了指导。

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来源期刊

Toxics Chemical Engineering-Chemical Health and Safety

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

10.90%

发文量

681

审稿时长

6 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal accepts papers describing work that furthers our understanding of the exposure, effects, and risks of chemicals and materials in humans and the natural environment as well as approaches to assess and/or manage the toxicological and ecotoxicological risks of chemicals and materials. The journal covers a wide range of toxic substances, including metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, biocides, nanomaterials, and polymers such as micro- and mesoplastics. Toxics accepts papers covering: The occurrence, transport, and fate of chemicals and materials in different systems (e.g., food, air, water, soil); Exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials as well as modelling and experimental approaches for characterizing the exposure in, e.g., water, air, soil, food, and consumer products; Uptake, metabolism, and effects of chemicals and materials in a wide range of systems including in-vitro toxicological assays, aquatic and terrestrial organisms and ecosystems, model mammalian systems, and humans; Approaches to assess the risks of chemicals and materials to humans and the environment; Methodologies to eliminate or reduce the exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials.