Blood EPA and DHA status among people living in the United States from 2000 to 2023

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Abstract

Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), are well-known for their various health benefits, including cardiovascular and cognitive health. In this study we explored the EPA+DHA blood status across different states within the United States. A widely used marker to assess the EPA+DHA status is the omega-3 index – defined as the % of EPA+DHA in red blood cells (RBC) in relation to total fatty acids. A systematic literature search was conducted for US-studies from 2000 until October 2023 reporting EPA+DHA blood values. Further inclusion criteria were: information in which US state the study was carried out, no pregnant women, at least 16 years of age. A total of 46 studies met all inclusion criteria. EPA+DHA levels from studies utilizing blood metrics other than RBC were converted to an estimated RBC EPA+DHA (eRBC EPA+DHA) status marker using established conversion equations. The mean eRBC EPA+DHA across the US was 5.28% and, is in line with previous investigations. Most US states showed an average eRBC EPA+DHA in the range 4.50% to 5.50%. Furthermore, we found that coastal states tend to have higher eRBC EPA+DHA (5.26%) than inland states (4.86%). This is consistent with the slightly higher fish consumption in coastal states compared to inland states. The data from the studies included in the evaluation show that the blood status of EPA+DHA is suboptimal. The supply of EPA and DHA should be improved, especially in inland states. Further research is needed to better monitor EPA+DHA status in the US. Since the EPA+DHA blood status is a modifiable risk factor for many diseases, public health officials should take steps to emphasize the significance of n-3 PUFAs in preserving the health of the US population.
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2000 年至 2023 年美国居民血液中 EPA 和 DHA 的状况。
长链欧米伽-3 多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFAs),特别是二十碳五烯酸(EPA,C20:5n-3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,C22:6n-3),因其对心血管和认知健康等各种健康益处而广为人知。在这项研究中,我们探讨了美国各州的 EPA+DHA 血液状况。评估 EPA+DHA 状况的一个广泛使用的指标是欧米伽-3 指数,其定义为红血球(RBC)中 EPA+DHA 占总脂肪酸的百分比。我们对 2000 年至 2023 年 10 月期间报告 EPA+DHA 血液值的美国研究进行了系统性文献检索。其他纳入标准包括:研究在美国哪个州进行、无孕妇、至少 16 岁。共有 46 项研究符合所有纳入标准。利用既定的转换方程,将利用红细胞以外的血液指标进行研究的 EPA+DHA 水平转换为估计的红细胞 EPA+DHA (eRBC EPA+DHA)状态标记。全美 eRBC EPA+DHA 的平均值为 5.28%,与之前的调查结果显示一致。美国大多数州的平均 eRBC EPA+DHA 在 4.50% 至 5.50% 之间。此外,我们发现沿海各州的 eRBC EPA+DHA 含量(5.26%)往往高于内陆各州(4.86%)。这与沿海各州的鱼类摄入量略高于内陆各州是一致的。评估所包括的研究数据显示,血液中 EPA+DHA 的状况并不理想。应改善 EPA 和 DHA 的供应,尤其是在内陆各州。需要进一步开展研究,以更好地监测美国的 EPA+DHA 状况。由于血液中 EPA+DHA 的状况是许多疾病的一个可改变的风险因素,公共卫生官员应采取措施,强调 n-3 PUFAs 在维护美国人口健康方面的重要性。
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来源期刊
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids Clinical Biochemistry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
CiteScore
5.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
64 days
期刊最新文献
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