Synergistic enhancement of biomass allocation from leaves to stem by far-red light and warm temperature can lead to growth reductions

IF 4.5 2区 生物学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Environmental and Experimental Botany Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2024.106024
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Abstract

The application of far-red (FR; 700–800 nm) light can improve plant growth, especially in leafy green vegetables, through enhancing leaf expansion and photon capture. However, higher levels of FR light may induce excessive stem elongation at the expense of leaf expansion. The morphological responses to FR light are mediated by phytochrome photoreceptors, with their activity further dependent on temperature. We aimed to quantify if different plant species respond differently to FR light and temperature conditions. Six economically-important plant species, including three cool-season species (lettuce, kale, and petunia) and three warm-season species (tomato, African marigold, and zinnia) were grown under three FR fractions [FR/(Red+FR); 0, 0.13, and 0.25] and two temperature set points (22 and 28 ℃) to characterize their growth and morphological responses. Increasing the FR fraction from 0 to 0.25 led to a 26–47 % increase in leaf expansion in lettuce, kale, petunia, and zinnia at 22 ℃. However, the total leaf area of tomato and African marigold decreased by 14–26 % as the FR fraction increased to 0.25 at 22 ℃. At a warmer temperature of 28 ℃, unlike the response observed under cooler temperature, increasing the FR fraction resulted in excessive stem elongation (a 36–101 % increase) and a 16–49 % reduction in leaf expansion in lettuce, kale, and petunia. For tomato, African marigold, and zinnia, the total leaf area increased by 15–26 % as the FR fraction increased from 0 to 0.13 at 28 ℃; however, further increasing the FR fraction from 0.13 to 0.25 resulted in a reduction in total leaf area. Across all six species, a high FR fraction combined with warm temperature synergistically stimulated stem elongation at the expense of leaf expansion. Shoot biomass responded to FR light and warm temperature similarly to leaf expansion in all six species. We further characterized the physiological responses to FR light and temperature in lettuce and tomato. In both crops, FR light generally increased the quantum yield of photosystem II, while decreasing the net CO2 assimilation rate per unit leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and chlorophyll a:b ratio. Additionally, FR light increased soluble sugar:starch ratio in leaves at 28 ℃, but not at 22 ℃, suggesting that the synergistic effect of FR light and warm temperature on stem elongation may be mediated by increased soluble sugar translocation from leaves to stem. We concluded that the enhanced stem growth under FR light and warm temperature can lead to reduced plant biomass. Our results further indicate that the interactive effects between FR light and temperature on plant growth and morphology were species-dependent, with distinct responses observed among species with different temperature preferences.
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远红外光和温暖的温度会协同促进生物量从叶片向茎的分配,从而导致生长量减少
应用远红外光(FR;700-800 纳米)可通过促进叶片扩展和光子捕获来改善植物生长,尤其是绿叶蔬菜的生长。然而,较高水平的远红外光可能会导致茎干过度伸长,牺牲叶片的扩展。植物对可见光的形态反应是由植物色素感光器介导的,其活性进一步取决于温度。我们的目的是量化不同植物物种对 FR 光和温度条件的反应是否不同。在三种 FR 分数[FR/(红光+FR);0、0.13 和 0.25]和两个温度设定点(22 和 28 ℃)下种植了六种具有重要经济价值的植物,包括三种冷季型植物(莴苣、羽衣甘蓝和矮牵牛)和三种暖季型植物(番茄、非洲万寿菊和紫云英),以确定它们的生长和形态反应特征。在 22 ℃条件下,将 FR 分数从 0 提高到 0.25,莴苣、羽衣甘蓝、矮牵牛和紫云英的叶片展开率增加了 26-47%。然而,在 22 ℃ 时,当 FR 分数增加到 0.25 时,番茄和非洲万寿菊的总叶面积减少了 14-26%。在 28 ℃ 的较高温度下,与在较低温度下观察到的反应不同,增加 FR 分数会导致莴苣、羽衣甘蓝和牵牛花的茎过度伸长(增加 36-101%),叶片展开面积减少 16-49%。对于番茄、非洲万寿菊和百日草来说,在 28 ℃ 时,随着 FR 分数从 0 增加到 0.13,总叶面积增加了 15-26%;然而,FR 分数从 0.13 进一步增加到 0.25 会导致总叶面积减少。在所有六个物种中,高光照强度和温暖的温度协同刺激了茎的伸长,但却牺牲了叶片的扩展。在所有六个物种中,嫩枝生物量对FR光照和温暖温度的反应与叶片扩展相似。我们进一步研究了莴苣和番茄对 FR 光和温度的生理反应。在这两种作物中,FR 光普遍提高了光系统 II 的量子产率,同时降低了单位叶面积的二氧化碳净同化率、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量以及叶绿素 a:b 比率。此外,28 ℃时FR光提高了叶片中可溶性糖与淀粉的比率,而22 ℃时则没有,这表明FR光和暖温对茎伸长的协同作用可能是通过增加可溶性糖从叶片到茎的转运来实现的。我们的结论是,FR 光和暖温下茎的生长增强会导致植物生物量减少。我们的研究结果进一步表明,FR 光和温度对植物生长和形态的交互作用取决于物种,不同物种对温度的偏好不同。
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来源期刊
Environmental and Experimental Botany
Environmental and Experimental Botany 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
9.30
自引率
5.30%
发文量
342
审稿时长
26 days
期刊介绍: Environmental and Experimental Botany (EEB) publishes research papers on the physical, chemical, biological, molecular mechanisms and processes involved in the responses of plants to their environment. In addition to research papers, the journal includes review articles. Submission is in agreement with the Editors-in-Chief. The Journal also publishes special issues which are built by invited guest editors and are related to the main themes of EEB. The areas covered by the Journal include: (1) Responses of plants to heavy metals and pollutants (2) Plant/water interactions (salinity, drought, flooding) (3) Responses of plants to radiations ranging from UV-B to infrared (4) Plant/atmosphere relations (ozone, CO2 , temperature) (5) Global change impacts on plant ecophysiology (6) Biotic interactions involving environmental factors.
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