Characterization of limestone and its behavior in different conditions after treatment with CaZn2(OH)6·2H2O nanoparticles

IF 2.1 4区材料科学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Journal of Nanoparticle Research Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI:10.1007/s11051-024-06154-5

Javier Reyes-Trujeque, Aketzali A. García-Reyes, Stephania Lázaro-Mass, Patricia Quintana, Claudia García-Solís, Montserrat Soria-Castro

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Abstract

Nowadays, extreme environmental conditions are one of the main factors causing the deterioration of monuments built with limestone. Therefore, this study proposed the evaluation of the consolidating effect of calcium zinc hydroxide dihydrate nanoparticles, with the molecular formula CaZn₂(OH)₆·2H₂O (CZ), applied on Calcehtok limestone. The consolidating effect of nanoparticles was characterized through mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the morphological and elemental composition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on 2.2 cm × 1 cm × 1.5 cm limestone samples. The petrophysical properties as spectrophotometry, Leeb hardness test and contact angle, were measured on 5 cm × 5 cm × 3.5 cm limestone samples. In addition, XRD studies were carried out on the CZ-treated and -untreated stones under laboratory conditions and exposed to the natural environment. The results obtained through an accelerated chamber of relative humidity (RH, 80%) and temperature (25 °C) showed an improvement in Leeb hardness and contact angle, without affecting the color of the stone. Therefore, it is proposed that the warm conditions of relative humidity and temperature favor the consolidation, as the pores are filled by the binding of calcite grains as seen by SEM. After 15 days of exposure, a rapid transformation of portlandite into calcite was observed, while at 30 days, calcite and zincite can still be detected by XRD. The combination of SEM and XRD techniques, together with the measurement of petrophysical properties, corroborated these results, showing the homogenization of the surfaces of the samples due to the decrease of cracks, the filling of cavities, and pores; therefore, this treatment favored its resistance. The XRD results further confirmed the presence of CZ after 30 days under the both laboratory and natural conditions, and its degradation into calcite and zincite was still ongoing after 90 days of exposure.

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用 CaZn2(OH)6-2H2O 纳米颗粒处理石灰石后的特性及其在不同条件下的表现

如今，极端的环境条件是造成石灰岩古迹老化的主要因素之一。因此，本研究建议评估二水氢氧化钙锌纳米粒子（分子式为 CaZn2(OH)6-2H2O（CZ））在卡尔切托克石灰岩上的固结效果。通过对 2.2 cm × 1 cm × 1.5 cm 的石灰石样品进行 X 射线衍射（XRD）矿物学分析以及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）形态和元素组成分析，确定了纳米颗粒的固结效果。在 5 厘米 × 5 厘米 × 3.5 厘米的石灰石样品上测量了分光光度法、里氏硬度测试和接触角等岩石物理特性。此外，还在实验室条件下对经过 CZ 处理和未经过 CZ 处理的石头进行了 XRD 研究。通过相对湿度（RH，80%）和温度（25 °C）的加速室得出的结果显示，石材的里氏硬度和接触角都有所提高，但石材的颜色没有受到影响。因此，我们认为，相对湿度和温度的温暖条件有利于固结，因为从扫描电镜中可以看到，孔隙被方解石颗粒的结合力填满。暴露 15 天后，观察到波长石迅速转变为方解石，而 30 天后，XRD 仍可检测到方解石和锌矿。结合扫描电镜和 XRD 技术以及岩石物理特性的测量结果证实了这些结果，表明由于裂缝的减少、空洞和孔隙的填充，样品表面变得均匀；因此，这种处理方法有利于其抗性。XRD 结果进一步证实，在实验室和自然条件下，30 天后 CZ 仍然存在，90 天后仍在降解为方解石和锌矿。

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来源期刊

Journal of Nanoparticle Research 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

4.40

自引率

4.00%

发文量

198

审稿时长

3.9 months

期刊介绍： The objective of the Journal of Nanoparticle Research is to disseminate knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological phenomena and processes in structures that have at least one lengthscale ranging from molecular to approximately 100 nm (or submicron in some situations), and exhibit improved and novel properties that are a direct result of their small size. Nanoparticle research is a key component of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology. The focus of the Journal is on the specific concepts, properties, phenomena, and processes related to particles, tubes, layers, macromolecules, clusters and other finite structures of the nanoscale size range. Synthesis, assembly, transport, reactivity, and stability of such structures are considered. Development of in-situ and ex-situ instrumentation for characterization of nanoparticles and their interfaces should be based on new principles for probing properties and phenomena not well understood at the nanometer scale. Modeling and simulation may include atom-based quantum mechanics; molecular dynamics; single-particle, multi-body and continuum based models; fractals; other methods suitable for modeling particle synthesis, assembling and interaction processes. Realization and application of systems, structures and devices with novel functions obtained via precursor nanoparticles is emphasized. Approaches may include gas-, liquid-, solid-, and vacuum-based processes, size reduction, chemical- and bio-self assembly. Contributions include utilization of nanoparticle systems for enhancing a phenomenon or process and particle assembling into hierarchical structures, as well as formulation and the administration of drugs. Synergistic approaches originating from different disciplines and technologies, and interaction between the research providers and users in this field, are encouraged.