Ajil Kottayil, Aurélien Podglajen, Bernard Legras, Rachel Atlas, Prajwal K, K. Satheesan, Abhilash S
{"title":"High-Frequency Gravity Waves and Kelvin-Helmholtz Billows in the Tropical UTLS, as Seen From Radar Observations of Vertical Wind","authors":"Ajil Kottayil, Aurélien Podglajen, Bernard Legras, Rachel Atlas, Prajwal K, K. Satheesan, Abhilash S","doi":"10.1029/2024gl110366","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The present study analyzes novel observations of vertical wind <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/ec0f0aac-6aef-4bda-b449-1830e2b8af62/grl68183-math-0001.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"117\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0001.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"1\" data-semantic-content=\"0,2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis w right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68183:grl68183-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"1\" data-semantic-content=\"0,2\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis w right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">w</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow>$(w)$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> in the tropical upper troposphere-lower stratosphere obtained from a radar wind profiler in Cochin, India. Between December 2022 and April 2023, 63 consecutive 4 hr curtains of <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/f217579c-03bd-4bf7-bb33-e02a90bbc5b4/grl68183-math-0002.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"118\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0002.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68183:grl68183-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0002.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">w</mi></mrow>$w$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> were measured with a vertical spacing of 180 m and a sampling time step of 44 s, thus resolving almost the whole spectrum of vertical motions. Spectra of <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/1ae21b09-dab4-428b-8832-30001ab884cd/grl68183-math-0003.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"119\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0003.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68183:grl68183-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0003.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">w</mi></mrow>$w$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> strongly vary with altitude. They are generally flat up to the local Brunt-Väisälä frequency (BVF), but sometimes exhibit a peak of <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/ce56552a-e571-469f-a42d-331dee916214/grl68183-math-0004.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"120\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0004.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68183:grl68183-math-0004\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0004.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">w</mi></mrow>$w$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> variance closer to BVF, a feature which may be attributed to trapped gravity waves. At other times and locations, the <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/6146c645-584a-4ada-8d7e-d4e2b3964a8c/grl68183-math-0005.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"121\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0005.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68183:grl68183-math-0005\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0005.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">w</mi></mrow>$w$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> profiles reveal Kelvin-Helmholtz billows. Finally, the variability of <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/9fd763f7-a075-4d5d-a78e-d6fa325f54b2/grl68183-math-0006.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"122\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0006.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68183:grl68183-math-0006\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0006.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">w</mi></mrow>$w$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> variance over the 4 month campaign period is investigated. Using brightness temperature from geostationary satellites as a convective proxy, it is found that <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/99fd5bd7-6332-4c3a-aee3-0d0bf3a48328/grl68183-math-0007.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"123\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0007.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68183:grl68183-math-0007\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68183-math-0007.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"w\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">w</mi></mrow>$w$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> variance is highly correlated with fluctuations in convective activity.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Geophysical Research Letters","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110366","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The present study analyzes novel observations of vertical wind in the tropical upper troposphere-lower stratosphere obtained from a radar wind profiler in Cochin, India. Between December 2022 and April 2023, 63 consecutive 4 hr curtains of were measured with a vertical spacing of 180 m and a sampling time step of 44 s, thus resolving almost the whole spectrum of vertical motions. Spectra of strongly vary with altitude. They are generally flat up to the local Brunt-Väisälä frequency (BVF), but sometimes exhibit a peak of variance closer to BVF, a feature which may be attributed to trapped gravity waves. At other times and locations, the profiles reveal Kelvin-Helmholtz billows. Finally, the variability of variance over the 4 month campaign period is investigated. Using brightness temperature from geostationary satellites as a convective proxy, it is found that variance is highly correlated with fluctuations in convective activity.
期刊介绍:
Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) publishes high-impact, innovative, and timely research on major scientific advances in all the major geoscience disciplines. Papers are communications-length articles and should have broad and immediate implications in their discipline or across the geosciences. GRLmaintains the fastest turn-around of all high-impact publications in the geosciences and works closely with authors to ensure broad visibility of top papers.