Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and application in agriculture

Abstract

Nanotechnology holds significant promise for transforming the agricultural industry by enhancing efficiency and yield through the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles represents an innovative and environmentally friendly approach in agriculture that enhances crop yield and quality. Unlike traditional physical and chemical methods, which are costly and produce harmful by-products, green synthesis uses biological agents like plants, fungi, and bacteria, making the process more sustainable and cost-effective. Bacterial cells demonstrate superior efficiency in the green synthesis of nanoparticles compared to plant cells. Their effectiveness is attributed to their unique morphological features, surface structures, and the presence of exopolysaccharides, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and various functional groups (such as carboxyl, phosphate, and amide). Interaction between bacterial cells and nanotechnology presents a promising approach for advancing smart agriculture by enhancing soil fertility, plant protection, and nanoparticle synthesis efficiency. By entering the structure of a living organism as an external factor, nanoparticles can cause extensive changes in the physiology and function of the cell. Therefore, the presence of a biological mediating agent with potential mechanisms capable of reducing the negative effects of nanoparticles can increase their efficacy as a long-term factor and reduce concerns about the harmful effects of nanoparticles on nature and living cells. By activating the pathways of NADPH, glutathione, and biofilm formation, this living agent first moderates the harmful effects of nanoparticles and acts as a filter, then provides them for the cell as a healthy biological-nanotechnological agent through a process known as green synthesis. Integration of nanoparticles and PGPR offers a novel and efficient approach to increasing plant productivity and sustainability in agriculture.