Mussel-inspired oxidized sodium alginate/cellulose composite sponge with excellent shape recovery and antibacterial properties for the efficient control of non-compressible hemorrhage.

Abstract

Enhancing the hemostatic efficacy and minimizing blood loss in the body has consistently been a primary objective for researchers. This study improved the hemostatic efficacy and tissue adhesion strength of the hemostatic material by augmenting the aldehyde groups in the side chains of sodium alginate. Additionally, it immobilized the aldehyde-modified sodium alginate onto the surface of the hemostatic material through complexation with iron ions, thereby enhancing its antibacterial properties. The mechanical performance results demonstrated that the composite hemostatic sponge can rapidly absorb water, swell to counteract arterial blood pressure, and seal the bleeding wound. The results of tissue and blood cell adhesion and in vivo hemostasis showed that the composite hemostatic sponge can enhance the rate of blood clot formation and the adhesion strength of tissue, thereby reducing the hemostasis time and blood loss. The bacterial and cell growth results demonstrated that the composite hemostatic sponge displays excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. Based on the excellent water absorption, swelling properties, and softness of cellulose sponge, the composite hemostatic sponge offered a significant advantage for achieving rapid hemostasis in penetrating wounds or deep wounds with substantial bleeding.