W.J. S. Ramaekers , T. Hazenberg , L.C. Thijs , D.J.E.M. Roekaerts , J.A. van Oijen , L.P.H. de Goey
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
It is demonstrated that in the (near) zero-gravity experiments conducted by Tang et al. (Combust. Flame; 2009, 2011) iron powder aerosols created using the finest powders are optically thick, implying that radiative heat transfer between particles should not be neglected. To test this concept, an iron particle oxidation model has been implemented in OpenFOAM, including a coupling with the P1-model for radiative heat transfer.
For flame simulations in which radiation is not included, obtained flame propagation velocities deviate less than 8% with results obtained using Chem1D-Fe and also show a good correspondance with algebraic models for optically thin aerosols. No significant difference in predicted flame propagation velocity is observed between 1D and 3D simulations: contrary to what is seen in gaseous flames, including the curvature of the flame does not increase predicted flame speeds substantially. However, measured flame propagation velocity values exceed numerically obtained predictions excluding thermal radiation by a factor of three to four. To the authors’ knowledge, this discrepancy is exemplary for the difference between experimentally obtained values for flame propagation velocities, and predictions made using numerical simulation tools neglecting radiative heat transfer.
Accounting for radiation increases predicted flame propagation velocities, in the absence of confining boundaries, by approximately a factor of 10 which is in line with algebraic models for optically thick aerosols. In 3D simulations for the two finest iron powders in the experiments, including radiation and accounting for the presence of the confining tube wall results in an error of 11% and 35% with respect to measured flame propagation velocities, significantly smaller than predictions obtained excluding thermal radiation. Although these flames are not purely radiation-driven, inclusion of particle-to-particle radiative heat transfer enhances flame propagation velocities in simulations to values that correspond much better with experimental values than if radiation would not be taken into account.
期刊介绍:
The mission of the journal is to publish high quality work from experimental, theoretical, and computational investigations on the fundamentals of combustion phenomena and closely allied matters. While submissions in all pertinent areas are welcomed, past and recent focus of the journal has been on:
Development and validation of reaction kinetics, reduction of reaction mechanisms and modeling of combustion systems, including:
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Particulate and aerosol formation and abatement;
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Experimental, theoretical, and computational studies of laminar and turbulent combustion phenomena, including:
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Flame propagation;
Flame structure;
Instabilities and swirl;
Flame spread;
Multi-phase reactants.
Advances in diagnostic and computational methods in combustion, including:
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Novel techniques;
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Internal combustion engines;
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Small- and large-scale stationary combustion and power generation;
Catalytic combustion;
Combustion synthesis;
Combustion under extreme conditions;
New concepts.