Clarifying the formation of equiaxed grains and microstructural refinement in the additive manufacturing of Ti-Cu

IF 7.6 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Materials & Design Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113440
Alec I. Saville , Adriana Eres-Castellanos , Andrew B. Kustas , Levi Van Bastian , Donald F. Susan , Dale E. Cillessen , Sven C. Vogel , Natalie A. Compton , Kester D. Clarke , Alain Karma , Amy J. Clarke
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Abstract

Controlling microstructural evolution in metallic additive manufacturing (AM) is difficult, especially in producing refined as-built grains instead of coarse, directional grains. Traditional solutions involve adding inoculants to AM feedstocks, but titanium (Ti) alloys cannot employ this approach without producing detrimental secondary phases. Ti-Cu (Ti-copper) alloys offer a solution through constitutional supercooling and/or solid state thermal cycling under AM conditions. This work analyzes a compositionally graded directed energy deposition (DED) Ti-Cu build, single-melt laser tracks, and dilatometric heat treatments to evaluate if, when, and by what mechanism(s) microstructural refinement occurs. Refinement by inoculation of unmelted powder particles was also considered. Constitutional supercooling produced no net microstructural refinement as any equiaxed dendrites which form are remelted with new deposition. This finding agreed with solidification modeling of powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) and DED builds. Solid state thermal cycling refined microstructures only during ex-situ dilatometric heat treatments, suggesting build parameter optimization is needed to achieve refinement in-situ. Accidental heterogeneous nucleation on unmelted Ti powder, originating from the different thermophysical properties of Ti and Cu, provided the most significant microstructural refinement. This work systematically assesses the microstructural refinement mechanisms of Ti-Cu in AM builds and offers insights into microstructural control in eutectoid alloys.

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澄清钛铜增材制造中等轴晶粒的形成和微观结构的细化
控制金属增材制造(AM)中的微观结构演变非常困难,尤其是在生产精细的坯料晶粒而不是粗糙的定向晶粒时。传统的解决方案是在增材制造原料中添加接种剂,但钛(Ti)合金采用这种方法不会产生有害的次生相。钛铜(Ti-Cu)合金通过在自动成型条件下进行受控过冷和/或固态热循环提供了一种解决方案。这项研究分析了成分分级的定向能沉积(DED)钛-铜构建、单熔体激光轨迹和稀释热处理,以评估是否、何时以及通过何种机制发生微结构细化。此外,还考虑了通过接种未熔化的粉末颗粒进行细化。由于形成的任何等轴枝晶都会随着新沉积物的重新熔化而重新熔化,因此制度过冷不会产生净微观结构细化。这一发现与粉末床熔融-激光束(PBF-LB)和 DED 构建的凝固模型一致。固态热循环仅在原位稀释热处理过程中细化微观结构,这表明需要优化构建参数以实现原位细化。由于钛和铜的热物理性质不同,未熔化钛粉末上的意外异质成核提供了最显著的微观结构细化。这项工作系统地评估了钛-铜在 AM 制备过程中的微观结构细化机制,为共晶合金的微观结构控制提供了见解。
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来源期刊
Materials & Design
Materials & Design Engineering-Mechanical Engineering
CiteScore
14.30
自引率
7.10%
发文量
1028
审稿时长
85 days
期刊介绍: Materials and Design is a multi-disciplinary journal that publishes original research reports, review articles, and express communications. The journal focuses on studying the structure and properties of inorganic and organic materials, advancements in synthesis, processing, characterization, and testing, the design of materials and engineering systems, and their applications in technology. It aims to bring together various aspects of materials science, engineering, physics, and chemistry. The journal explores themes ranging from materials to design and aims to reveal the connections between natural and artificial materials, as well as experiment and modeling. Manuscripts submitted to Materials and Design should contain elements of discovery and surprise, as they often contribute new insights into the architecture and function of matter.
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