Materials & Design最新文献

Data-driven prediction and optimization of surface roughness in vibration-assisted ball burnishing of 42CrMo steel 42CrMo钢振动辅助球磨表面粗糙度的数据驱动预测与优化

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115320

Haojie Wang , Eric Velázquez-Corral , Xiaoqiang Wang , Ramón Jerez-Mesa

Vibration-assisted ball burnishing (VABB) has demonstrated significant potential in improving the surface quality of high-strength steels by reducing roughness and enhancing functional performance. However, the evolution of surface roughness under multiple interacting parameters remains complex, and reliable prediction with limited experimental data is still challenging. This work establishes a small-sample machine learning framework integrating VABB experiments with predictive optimization to quantitatively reveal the coupling between process parameters and 3D surface morphology of 42CrMo steel. Three approaches, response surface methodology (RSM), Bayesian-optimized support vector machine (BO-SVM), and random forest-enhanced backpropagation neural network (RF-BPNN), were compared in terms of accuracy and generalization. The RF-BPNN model achieved the best performance, with determination coefficients (R²) of 0.9573, 0.7764, and 0.8293 for Sa, Sq, and Spk, respectively, and corresponding RMSE values of 0.0422, 0.1190, and 0.2325. These results indicate that RF-BPNN provides a robust data-driven tool for predicting and optimizing surface roughness in VABB. The proposed framework not only contributes to the understanding of roughness formation mechanisms but also offers practical guidance for process design and performance control of high-strength steel components.

振动辅助球抛光（VABB）通过降低粗糙度和提高功能性能，在提高高强度钢的表面质量方面显示出巨大的潜力。然而，表面粗糙度在多参数作用下的演变仍然很复杂，在有限的实验数据下进行可靠的预测仍然是一个挑战。本文建立了一个将VABB实验与预测优化相结合的小样本机器学习框架，以定量揭示42CrMo钢的工艺参数与3D表面形貌之间的耦合关系。对比了响应面法（RSM）、贝叶斯优化支持向量机（BO-SVM）和随机森林增强反向传播神经网络（RF-BPNN）三种方法的准确率和泛化程度。RF-BPNN模型表现最佳，Sa、Sq和Spk的决定系数（R2）分别为0.9573、0.7764和0.8293，对应的RMSE值分别为0.0422、0.1190和0.2325。这些结果表明，RF-BPNN为VABB的表面粗糙度预测和优化提供了一个强大的数据驱动工具。提出的框架不仅有助于理解粗糙度的形成机理，而且为高强钢构件的工艺设计和性能控制提供了实用的指导。

{"title":"Data-driven prediction and optimization of surface roughness in vibration-assisted ball burnishing of 42CrMo steel","authors":"Haojie Wang , Eric Velázquez-Corral , Xiaoqiang Wang , Ramón Jerez-Mesa","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vibration-assisted ball burnishing (VABB) has demonstrated significant potential in improving the surface quality of high-strength steels by reducing roughness and enhancing functional performance. However, the evolution of surface roughness under multiple interacting parameters remains complex, and reliable prediction with limited experimental data is still challenging. This work establishes a small-sample machine learning framework integrating VABB experiments with predictive optimization to quantitatively reveal the coupling between process parameters and 3D surface morphology of 42CrMo steel. Three approaches, response surface methodology (RSM), Bayesian-optimized support vector machine (BO-SVM), and random forest-enhanced backpropagation neural network (RF-BPNN), were compared in terms of accuracy and generalization. The RF-BPNN model achieved the best performance, with determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.9573, 0.7764, and 0.8293 for Sa, Sq, and Spk, respectively, and corresponding RMSE values of 0.0422, 0.1190, and 0.2325. These results indicate that RF-BPNN provides a robust data-driven tool for predicting and optimizing surface roughness in VABB. The proposed framework not only contributes to the understanding of roughness formation mechanisms but also offers practical guidance for process design and performance control of high-strength steel components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115320"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of chip-induced powder size distribution on 18Ni maraging steel in hybrid additive manufacturing 复合增材制造中切屑诱导粉末粒度分布对18Ni马氏体时效钢的影响

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115324

Joseph Jo , Hyokyu Kim , Dongwoon Han , Gunwoo Noh , Seongtak Kim

This study investigates the influence of machining-induced chips generated during the milling process on powder characteristics and part quality in hybrid additive manufacturing. The incorporation of chips into the powder bed increased the average particle size and altered particle morphology, reducing both specific surface area and tap density. These changes affected the quality of deposited layers, impacting surface roughness and internal porosity. Irregularly shaped chips acted as defect initiators, contributing to pore formation and mechanical degradation. Compared to conventional additive manufacturing, HAM specimens exhibited more pronounced mechanical deterioration at low and high scan speeds. At low scan speeds, oxygen enrichment caused by chips enhanced the Marangoni effect, increasing spatter formation and pore density. At high scan speeds, irregular powder bed surfaces promoted the ejection of solid spatter, resulting in larger pores. Optimizing machining parameters, such as feed rate and Z pitch, mitigates chip effects, increasing part density and reducing surface roughness while preserving hybrid additive manufacturing advantages. This study clarifies the mechanisms by which chips influence surface and internal defects, providing a foundation for future process optimization to improve the quality and reliability of HAM.

研究了混合增材制造中铣削过程中产生的加工诱导切屑对粉末特性和零件质量的影响。在粉末床中加入切屑增加了平均粒度，改变了颗粒形态，降低了比表面积和丝锥密度。这些变化影响了沉积层的质量，影响了表面粗糙度和内部孔隙度。不规则形状的碎片作为缺陷的引发剂，有助于孔隙的形成和机械降解。与传统的增材制造相比，HAM样品在低扫描速度和高扫描速度下表现出更明显的机械劣化。在低扫描速度下，芯片引起的氧富集增强了马兰戈尼效应，增加了飞溅形成和孔隙密度。在高扫描速度下，不规则的粉末床表面促进了固体飞溅物的喷射，导致更大的孔隙。优化加工参数，如进给速度和Z节距，可以减轻切屑效应，增加零件密度，降低表面粗糙度，同时保持混合增材制造的优势。本研究阐明了芯片影响表面和内部缺陷的机制，为未来工艺优化提供了基础，以提高HAM的质量和可靠性。

{"title":"Effect of chip-induced powder size distribution on 18Ni maraging steel in hybrid additive manufacturing","authors":"Joseph Jo , Hyokyu Kim , Dongwoon Han , Gunwoo Noh , Seongtak Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of machining-induced chips generated during the milling process on powder characteristics and part quality in hybrid additive manufacturing. The incorporation of chips into the powder bed increased the average particle size and altered particle morphology, reducing both specific surface area and tap density. These changes affected the quality of deposited layers, impacting surface roughness and internal porosity. Irregularly shaped chips acted as defect initiators, contributing to pore formation and mechanical degradation. Compared to conventional additive manufacturing, HAM specimens exhibited more pronounced mechanical deterioration at low and high scan speeds. At low scan speeds, oxygen enrichment caused by chips enhanced the Marangoni effect, increasing spatter formation and pore density. At high scan speeds, irregular powder bed surfaces promoted the ejection of solid spatter, resulting in larger pores. Optimizing machining parameters, such as feed rate and Z pitch, mitigates chip effects, increasing part density and reducing surface roughness while preserving hybrid additive manufacturing advantages. This study clarifies the mechanisms by which chips influence surface and internal defects, providing a foundation for future process optimization to improve the quality and reliability of HAM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115324"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic enhancement of strength and corrosion resistance in Al-Mg-Si alloys through chemical composition design via machine learning approaches 通过机器学习方法的化学成分设计协同增强Al-Mg-Si合金的强度和耐腐蚀性

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115310

Jun Li , Lingying Ye , Guotong Zou , Yu Wang , Zhongyu Yuan , Jianguo Tang

In this work, a novel Al-Mg-Si alloy was designed using a non-dominated sorting genetic machine-learning algorithm (NSGA-II) and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The designed alloy in the T5 temper simultaneously exhibited enhanced mechanical properties and intergranular corrosion resistance, with an ultimate tensile strength of 408.4 ± 1.6 MPa, an elongation of 9.9 ± 0.4 %, and a maximum intergranular corrosion depth of 108.7 ± 9.5 μm. Compared to the high-strength 6110A in the T5 temper (comparative alloy), the designed alloy showed a 9 % improvement in strength and a 20 % improvement in corrosion resistance. Furthermore, for the designed alloy, the T6 temper did not significantly improve properties compared to the T5 temper, which indicates the alloy exhibits good adaptability to online quenching processes. The principles of NSGA-II for optimizing alloying elements were elucidated through SHAP. In addition, strengthening model and microstructures quantitative characterizations were conducted to reveal the synergistic enhancement mechanisms of strength and corrosion resistance. These findings provide valuable guidance for developing high-strength Al-Mg-Si alloys suited for online quenching.

在这项工作中，使用非主导排序遗传机器学习算法（NSGA-II）和Shapley加性解释（SHAP）设计了一种新型Al-Mg-Si合金。经T5回火处理后，合金的抗拉强度为408.4±1.6 MPa，延伸率为9.9±0.4%，最大晶间腐蚀深度为108.7±9.5 μm，同时具有较好的力学性能和抗晶间腐蚀性能。与T5回火（对比合金）的高强度6110A相比，所设计的合金强度提高了9%，耐腐蚀性提高了20%。此外，对于所设计的合金，与T5回火相比，T6回火对性能的改善并不显著，这表明该合金对在线淬火工艺具有良好的适应性。通过SHAP分析阐明了NSGA-II优化合金元素的原理。此外，通过强化模型和显微组织的定量表征，揭示了强度和耐蚀性的协同增强机制。这些研究结果为开发适合在线淬火的高强度Al-Mg-Si合金提供了有价值的指导。

{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of strength and corrosion resistance in Al-Mg-Si alloys through chemical composition design via machine learning approaches","authors":"Jun Li , Lingying Ye , Guotong Zou , Yu Wang , Zhongyu Yuan , Jianguo Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a novel Al-Mg-Si alloy was designed using a non-dominated sorting genetic machine-learning algorithm (NSGA-II) and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The designed alloy in the T5 temper simultaneously exhibited enhanced mechanical properties and intergranular corrosion resistance, with an ultimate tensile strength of 408.4 ± 1.6 MPa, an elongation of 9.9 ± 0.4 %, and a maximum intergranular corrosion depth of 108.7 ± 9.5 μm. Compared to the high-strength 6110A in the T5 temper (comparative alloy), the designed alloy showed a 9 % improvement in strength and a 20 % improvement in corrosion resistance. Furthermore, for the designed alloy, the T6 temper did not significantly improve properties compared to the T5 temper, which indicates the alloy exhibits good adaptability to online quenching processes. The principles of NSGA-II for optimizing alloying elements were elucidated through SHAP. In addition, strengthening model and microstructures quantitative characterizations were conducted to reveal the synergistic enhancement mechanisms of strength and corrosion resistance. These findings provide valuable guidance for developing high-strength Al-Mg-Si alloys suited for online quenching.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115310"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Phase-field modeling of microstructure formation in FePt-C nanogranular films sputtered on MgO MgO溅射FePt-C纳米颗粒膜微观结构形成的相场模拟

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115314

Yusuke Matsuoka , Machiko Ode , Taichi Abe , Toshiyuki Koyama , Yukiko K. Takahashi

This study investigates microstructure formation in FePt-C nanogranular films deposited on MgO substrates during sputtering using the phase-field method, aiming to identify the key factors promoting the creation of an island-like microstructure, which is essential for the high recording density required in hard disk drives. Simulations reproduced the growth and coarsening of FePt grains, indicating that elastic-strain energy relaxation contributes significantly toward the formation of well-isolated FePt islands. The addition of C as a segregant shifts the position of the atoms supplied by sputtering closer to the top surface of the FePt grains, promoting their vertical growth. Furthermore, the film microstructure varies with the sputtering rate: lower rates result in coarser structures, whereas higher rates result in finer structures, albeit at the risk of grain coalescence. The results of this study suggest that the final microstructure is determined by the interplay of energetic and kinetic factors, specifically the interfacial and elastic strain energies and the diffusion and sputtering rates. These findings will enable the formulation of fabrication strategies for optimal high-performance FePt magnetic recording films.

本研究利用相场法研究了沉积在MgO衬底上的FePt-C纳米颗粒薄膜在溅射过程中的微观结构形成，旨在确定促进岛状微观结构形成的关键因素，这对于硬盘驱动器所需的高记录密度至关重要。模拟重现了FePt晶粒的生长和粗化过程，表明弹性应变能松弛对形成隔离良好的FePt岛有重要作用。作为分离剂的C的加入使溅射提供的原子的位置更靠近FePt晶粒的顶表面，促进了它们的垂直生长。此外，薄膜微观结构随溅射速率的变化而变化：较低的溅射速率导致较粗的结构，而较高的溅射速率导致较细的结构，尽管有晶粒聚并的风险。研究结果表明，最终的微观结构是由能量和动力学因素共同作用决定的，特别是界面应变能和弹性应变能以及扩散和溅射速率。这些发现将有助于制定最佳高性能FePt磁记录薄膜的制造策略。

{"title":"Phase-field modeling of microstructure formation in FePt-C nanogranular films sputtered on MgO","authors":"Yusuke Matsuoka , Machiko Ode , Taichi Abe , Toshiyuki Koyama , Yukiko K. Takahashi","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates microstructure formation in FePt-C nanogranular films deposited on MgO substrates during sputtering using the phase-field method, aiming to identify the key factors promoting the creation of an island-like microstructure, which is essential for the high recording density required in hard disk drives. Simulations reproduced the growth and coarsening of FePt grains, indicating that elastic-strain energy relaxation contributes significantly toward the formation of well-isolated FePt islands. The addition of C as a segregant shifts the position of the atoms supplied by sputtering closer to the top surface of the FePt grains, promoting their vertical growth. Furthermore, the film microstructure varies with the sputtering rate: lower rates result in coarser structures, whereas higher rates result in finer structures, albeit at the risk of grain coalescence. The results of this study suggest that the final microstructure is determined by the interplay of energetic and kinetic factors, specifically the interfacial and elastic strain energies and the diffusion and sputtering rates. These findings will enable the formulation of fabrication strategies for optimal high-performance FePt magnetic recording films.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115314"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Magnetic carbomer microrobots for targeted drug delivery: A model study toward renal cell carcinoma therapy 磁性卡波姆微机器人用于靶向药物递送：肾细胞癌治疗的模型研究

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115317

Abdul Wahab , Guoqiang Liu , Peng Wang , Tingting Yu

Targeted drug delivery using microrobots represents a remarkable advancement in oncology, as it can overcome the limitations of chemotherapy, which damages both healthy and malignant cells. However, most microrobotic drug delivery systems involve complex designs and fabrication techniques, resulting in high production costs and limited scalability. Here, a magnetically controlled, simple, and cost-effective microrobot is introduced for treating highly malignant renal cell carcinoma. The microrobot is fabricated using biocompatible soft hydrogel material that is neutralized by triethanolamine. The biocompatible microrobot, designed using custom 3D printing and surface-loaded with magnetic nanoparticles, effectively demonstrates drug loading of anti-cancer agents. The microrobot is precisely guided to the target location using magnetic control via a rotating magnetic field under real-time imaging guidance. Due to the fluorescence effect of doxorubicin, UV light is used to track the microrobot in the microchannel. Disruption of intrapolymer bonds by urea induces hydrogel dissolution, thereby resulting in drug release from the microrobot. Histological evaluations reveal that the microrobot caused no cytotoxicity effects after 7 days of embolization in the renal artery. This drug delivery approach with magnetically controlled, drug-loaded microrobots holds significant potential for highly targeted oncological treatments.

利用微型机器人靶向给药是肿瘤学领域的一大进步，因为它可以克服化疗的局限性，化疗会损害健康细胞和恶性细胞。然而，大多数微型机器人给药系统涉及复杂的设计和制造技术，导致高生产成本和有限的可扩展性。本文介绍了一种磁控、简单、经济的微型机器人，用于治疗高度恶性肾细胞癌。该微型机器人是用三乙醇胺中和的生物相容性软水凝胶材料制成的。该生物相容性微型机器人采用定制3D打印设计，表面装载磁性纳米颗粒，有效地展示了抗癌药物的药物装载。在实时成像引导下，通过旋转磁场，利用磁控制将微型机器人精确引导到目标位置。由于阿霉素的荧光效应，采用紫外光对微通道中的微机器人进行跟踪。尿素破坏聚合物内键诱导水凝胶溶解，从而导致药物从微型机器人中释放。组织学评估显示，在肾动脉栓塞7天后，微型机器人没有产生细胞毒性作用。这种磁控、载药微型机器人的药物递送方法在高度靶向的肿瘤治疗中具有巨大的潜力。

{"title":"Magnetic carbomer microrobots for targeted drug delivery: A model study toward renal cell carcinoma therapy","authors":"Abdul Wahab , Guoqiang Liu , Peng Wang , Tingting Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Targeted drug delivery using microrobots represents a remarkable advancement in oncology, as it can overcome the limitations of chemotherapy, which damages both healthy and malignant cells. However, most microrobotic drug delivery systems involve complex designs and fabrication techniques, resulting in high production costs and limited scalability. Here, a magnetically controlled, simple, and cost-effective microrobot is introduced for treating highly malignant renal cell carcinoma. The microrobot is fabricated using biocompatible soft hydrogel material that is neutralized by triethanolamine. The biocompatible microrobot, designed using custom 3D printing and surface-loaded with magnetic nanoparticles, effectively demonstrates drug loading of anti-cancer agents. The microrobot is precisely guided to the target location using magnetic control via a rotating magnetic field under real-time imaging guidance. Due to the fluorescence effect of doxorubicin, UV light is used to track the microrobot in the microchannel. Disruption of intrapolymer bonds by urea induces hydrogel dissolution, thereby resulting in drug release from the microrobot. Histological evaluations reveal that the microrobot caused no cytotoxicity effects after 7 days of embolization in the renal artery. This drug delivery approach with magnetically controlled, drug-loaded microrobots holds significant potential for highly targeted oncological treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115317"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Laser surface melting of TC21 (α + β) titanium alloy with 80 % track Overlap: Microstructural evolution and hardness Enhancement 80%径迹重叠TC21 （α + β）钛合金激光表面熔化：显微组织演变与硬度增强

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115303

Ramadan Nagy Elshaer , Ahmed Magdi Elshazli , Fathy Sayed Ahmed , Samar Reda Al‑Sayed

TC21 titanium alloy is broadly used in aerospace, automotive, and petrochemical applications due to its extraordinary properties. Laser surface melting (LSM) provides a practical approach to enhancing its surface characteristics. This study evaluates the influence of LSM on microstructure and hardness of TC21 titanium substrate using a fiber-coupled diode laser operating in continuous-wave mode at laser powers from 500 to 1000 W and scanning speeds of 250 and 500 mm.min⁻¹, corresponding to six different laser fluences (15 to 60 J.mm⁻²). Nine tracks with 80 % overlap, the first such configurations applied to TC21 alloys, were performed to achieve a uniform remelted layer and minimize surface defects. Laser-treated and sub-surfaces regions were characterized using FESEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. Comparative analysis with conventional treatments was performed. Results revealed that at the lowest fluence (15 J.mm⁻²), incomplete phase transformation occurred, leaving dendritic β-phase and achieving a hardness of 750 HV_0.3. At 22.5 J.mm⁻², nearly complete transformation to martensite α -phase with transformed β-phase and prior α-phase yielded hardness of 1042 HV _0.3. The intermediate fluences (30 to 45 J.mm⁻²) produced a composite like a metal matrix comprising spheroidal transformed β-phase, fragmented acicular and globularized martensite α -phase, and secondary α-lamellae embedded within the residual β-matrix. The highest fluence (60 J.mm⁻²) resulted in a remarkably high volume fraction of the secondary α-lamellae and a 3 mm deep treated layer with a peak hardness value of 1624 HV_0.3. The optimized overlap ratio and laser fluence were crucial in achieving defect-free surfaces with significantly enhanced mechanical properties.

TC21钛合金以其优异的性能被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、石油化工等领域。激光表面熔化（LSM）为提高其表面特性提供了一种实用的方法。本研究利用连续波模式下的光纤耦合二极管激光器，在激光功率为500 ~ 1000 W、扫描速度为250和500 mm.min - 1、对应于6种不同的激光影响（15 ~ 60 J.mm - 2）下，研究了LSM对TC21钛基板显微组织和硬度的影响。9条重叠80%的磁道是TC21合金首次采用这种配置，以实现均匀的重熔层并最大限度地减少表面缺陷。利用FESEM， EDX和XRD技术对激光处理和亚表面区域进行了表征。与常规治疗进行对比分析。结果表明，在最低熔点（15 J.mm−2）时，合金的相变不完全，只剩下树枝晶β相，硬度达到750 HV0.3。在22.5 J.mm−2时，几乎完全转变为马氏体α相，同时转变为β相和α相，硬度为1042 hv0.3。中间影响（30 ~ 45 J.mm−2）产生了类似于金属基体的复合材料，包括球体转变的β相，破碎的针状和球状马氏体α相，以及嵌入在残余β基体中的次级α-片层。当影响最大（60 J.mm−2）时，次生α-片层的体积分数显著提高，深度处理层厚度为3 mm，硬度峰值为1624 HV0.3。优化的重叠比和激光能量是获得无缺陷表面和显著提高力学性能的关键。

{"title":"Laser surface melting of TC21 (α + β) titanium alloy with 80 % track Overlap: Microstructural evolution and hardness Enhancement","authors":"Ramadan Nagy Elshaer , Ahmed Magdi Elshazli , Fathy Sayed Ahmed , Samar Reda Al‑Sayed","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TC21 titanium alloy is broadly used in aerospace, automotive, and petrochemical applications due to its extraordinary properties. Laser surface melting (LSM) provides a practical approach to enhancing its surface characteristics. This study evaluates the influence of LSM on microstructure and hardness of TC21 titanium substrate using a fiber-coupled diode laser operating in continuous-wave mode at laser powers from 500 to 1000 W and scanning speeds of 250 and 500 mm.min<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to six different laser fluences (15 to 60 J.mm<sup>−2</sup>). Nine tracks with 80 % overlap, the first such configurations applied to TC21 alloys, were performed to achieve a uniform remelted layer and minimize surface defects. Laser-treated and sub-surfaces regions were characterized using FESEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. Comparative analysis with conventional treatments was performed. Results revealed that at the lowest fluence (15 J.mm<sup>−2</sup>), incomplete phase transformation occurred, leaving dendritic β-phase and achieving a hardness of 750 HV<sub>0.3</sub>. At 22.5 J.mm<sup>−2</sup>, nearly complete transformation to martensite α -phase with transformed β-phase and prior α-phase yielded hardness of 1042 HV <sub>0.3</sub>. The intermediate fluences (30 to 45 J.mm<sup>−2</sup>) produced a composite like a metal matrix comprising spheroidal transformed β-phase, fragmented acicular and globularized martensite α -phase, and secondary α-lamellae embedded within the residual β-matrix. The highest fluence (60 J.mm<sup>−2</sup>) resulted in a remarkably high volume fraction of the secondary α-lamellae and a 3 mm deep treated layer with a peak hardness value of 1624 HV<sub>0.3</sub>. The optimized overlap ratio and laser fluence were crucial in achieving defect-free surfaces with significantly enhanced mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115303"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Carbonated blast-furnace slag as supplementary cementitious material: Phase transition and effect on cement hydration 碳化高炉渣作为补充胶凝材料：相变及对水泥水化的影响

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115292

Gao Deng , Nannan Zhang , Wenyu Liao , Yongjia He , Linnu Lu , Lingyu Chi , Hongyan Ma

Blast-furnace slag, which contains high levels of CaO (and MgO), holds potential as a feedstock for CO₂ capture and storage. This study investigates the phase transitions occurring during the wet carbonation of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), characterizes the physical and chemical properties of carbonated GGBFS (CS), evaluates its pozzolanic reactivity, and examines the microstructure and performance of cement pastes blended with GGBFS or CS. The findings reveal that aragonite and calcite, the primary carbonation products, precipitate on the surface of GGBFS, hindering its dissolution and thereby reducing both the pozzolanic reactivity and the early strength of cement pastes. Nevertheless, the 28-day strength of CS blended pastes is comparable to that of GGBFS blends, due to the improved pore structure and the interfacial transition zone between CS and hydration products, which is attributed to the stabilization of ettringite and the formation of monocarboaluminate and hemicarboaluminate phases induced by the calcium carbonate introduced through CS. This characteristic implies extra benefits of using CS against GGBFS apart from CO₂ sequestration, that is, the potential of CS to be used in projects requiring low early-age heat.

高炉炉渣含有高水平的氧化钙（和氧化镁），具有作为二氧化碳捕获和储存原料的潜力。本研究研究了湿碳化过程中粉状高炉渣（GGBFS）的相变，表征了碳化后的GGBFS （CS）的物理和化学性质，评价了其火山灰反应性，并研究了与GGBFS或CS混合的水泥浆的微观结构和性能。结果表明，碳酸盐的主要产物文石和方解石在GGBFS表面沉积，阻碍了GGBFS的溶解，从而降低了火山灰反应性和水泥浆体的早期强度。然而，CS混合膏体的28天强度与GGBFS混合膏体相当，这是由于通过CS引入的碳酸钙稳定了钙矾石，形成了单碳铝酸盐相和半碳铝酸盐相，从而改善了孔隙结构和CS与水化产物之间的界面过渡区。这一特点意味着除了二氧化碳封存外，使用CS对抗GGBFS的额外好处，即CS在需要低早期热量的项目中使用的潜力。

{"title":"Carbonated blast-furnace slag as supplementary cementitious material: Phase transition and effect on cement hydration","authors":"Gao Deng , Nannan Zhang , Wenyu Liao , Yongjia He , Linnu Lu , Lingyu Chi , Hongyan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blast-furnace slag, which contains high levels of CaO (and MgO), holds potential as a feedstock for CO<sub>2</sub> capture and storage. This study investigates the phase transitions occurring during the wet carbonation of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), characterizes the physical and chemical properties of carbonated GGBFS (CS), evaluates its pozzolanic reactivity, and examines the microstructure and performance of cement pastes blended with GGBFS or CS. The findings reveal that aragonite and calcite, the primary carbonation products, precipitate on the surface of GGBFS, hindering its dissolution and thereby reducing both the pozzolanic reactivity and the early strength of cement pastes. Nevertheless, the 28-day strength of CS blended pastes is comparable to that of GGBFS blends, due to the improved pore structure and the interfacial transition zone between CS and hydration products, which is attributed to the stabilization of ettringite and the formation of monocarboaluminate and hemicarboaluminate phases induced by the calcium carbonate introduced through CS. This characteristic implies extra benefits of using CS against GGBFS apart from CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration, that is, the potential of CS to be used in projects requiring low early-age heat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115292"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-carbon, low-hazard synthesis of FAPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with KBr post-treatment for ultra-stable pure-green heterostructured luminescent powder 低碳、低危害合成FAPbBr3钙钛矿纳米晶，KBr后处理制备超稳定纯绿色异质发光粉体

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115293

Po-Chun Li , Andi Magattang Gafur Muchlis , Chaochin Su , Ling Hsuan Chung , Yan Chung Lai , Yuan-Hong Chen , Jung-An Cheng , Hoang-Duy Nguyen , Si-Han Wu , Chun Che Lin

This study introduces a low-carbon, low-hazard synthesis method by lowering the traditional hot injection temperature to 60 °C and avoiding high-toxicity solvents, thereby reducing energy use and organic waste for more sustainable production. Lead oxide, formamidine acetate, and benzoyl bromide were employed as precursors, followed by post-treatment with KBr salts to enhance environmental stability and enable powderization of the material. The resulting FAPbBr₃@KBr heterostructure shows a sharp photoluminescent peak at 535 nm with a narrow full width at half maximum of ∼20 nm. Stability tests revealed no decrease in photoluminescence intensity for solution samples stored at room temperature or 60 °C after 14 days. Even after heating to 80 °C and cooling, the intensity retained 99 % of its initial value. In summary, this work presents a milder synthesis and post-treatment strategy that significantly improves stability, supporting the future commercialization of perovskite nanocrystals.

本研究介绍了一种低碳、低危害的合成方法，将传统的热注射温度降低到60℃，避免使用高毒性溶剂，从而减少能源消耗和有机废物，实现更可持续的生产。采用氧化铅、醋酸甲脒和苯甲酰溴作为前体，然后用KBr盐进行后处理，以提高环境稳定性并使材料粉末化。所得FAPbBr3@KBr异质结构在535 nm处有一个尖锐的光致发光峰，在半峰处有窄的全宽，约20 nm。稳定性测试表明，溶液样品在室温或60°C保存14天后，光致发光强度没有下降。即使加热到80°C并冷却，强度仍保持其初始值的99%。总之，这项工作提出了一种温和的合成和后处理策略，显着提高了稳定性，支持钙钛矿纳米晶体的未来商业化。

{"title":"Low-carbon, low-hazard synthesis of FAPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with KBr post-treatment for ultra-stable pure-green heterostructured luminescent powder","authors":"Po-Chun Li , Andi Magattang Gafur Muchlis , Chaochin Su , Ling Hsuan Chung , Yan Chung Lai , Yuan-Hong Chen , Jung-An Cheng , Hoang-Duy Nguyen , Si-Han Wu , Chun Che Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a low-carbon, low-hazard synthesis method by lowering the traditional hot injection temperature to 60 °C and avoiding high-toxicity solvents, thereby reducing energy use and organic waste for more sustainable production. Lead oxide, formamidine acetate, and benzoyl bromide were employed as precursors, followed by post-treatment with KBr salts to enhance environmental stability and enable powderization of the material. The resulting FAPbBr<sub>3</sub>@KBr heterostructure shows a sharp photoluminescent peak at 535 nm with a narrow full width at half maximum of ∼20 nm. Stability tests revealed no decrease in photoluminescence intensity for solution samples stored at room temperature or 60 °C after 14 days. Even after heating to 80 °C and cooling, the intensity retained 99 % of its initial value. In summary, this work presents a milder synthesis and post-treatment strategy that significantly improves stability, supporting the future commercialization of perovskite nanocrystals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115293"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Governing mechanisms of 2.5D/3D preform architectures on the microstructure, mechanical and ablation behaviors of C/C-SiC-ZrC composites 2.5D/3D预制体结构对C/C- sic - zrc复合材料微观结构、力学和烧蚀行为的影响机制

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115295

Haitao Liu , Lianyi Wang , Hao Luo , Yi Ru

Preform structural design is a key strategy for achieving performance customization in ceramic matrix composites. This study selected three preforms with typical structural characteristics: 2.5D needle-punched, 2.5D stitched, and 3D orthogonal. The governing mechanisms of their architectural differences on the microstructure and macroscopic properties of C/C-SiC-ZrC composites fabricated by reactive melt infiltration (RMI) were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the straight and continuous fiber bundles in the 3D orthogonal architecture significantly enhance load transfer efficiency, increasing the tensile strength by 97.23 % and 65.66 % compared to the 2.5D needle-punched and stitched architectures, respectively. In contrast, the 2.5D needle-punched architecture promotes uniform distribution and high densification of the ceramic phase, exhibiting the best ablation resistance with linear and mass ablation rates of −1.36 ± 0.057 μm/s and 2.57 ± 0.178 mg/s, respectively. This study provides guidance for the preform design of ceramic matrix composites for extreme environments: the 3D orthogonal structure is suitable for high-load-bearing components, while the 2.5D needle-punched structure is specialized for ablation-resistant parts.

预制体结构设计是实现陶瓷基复合材料性能定制的关键策略。本研究选取了三种具有典型结构特征的预制件：2.5D针刺预制件、2.5D缝合预制件和3D正交预制件。系统研究了结构差异对反应熔体渗透法制备C/C- sic - zrc复合材料微观结构和宏观性能的影响机理。结果表明，与2.5D打针结构和2.5D缝合结构相比，直线型和连续型纤维束在三维正交结构中显著提高了载荷传递效率，拉伸强度分别提高了97.23%和65.66%。相比之下，2.5D针孔结构有利于陶瓷相的均匀分布和高密度化，具有最佳的抗烧蚀性能，线性烧蚀速率为- 1.36±0.057 μm/s，质量烧蚀速率为2.57±0.178 mg/s。该研究为极端环境下陶瓷基复合材料预成形设计提供了指导：三维正交结构适用于高承重部件，而2.5D针刺结构适用于耐烧蚀部件。

{"title":"Governing mechanisms of 2.5D/3D preform architectures on the microstructure, mechanical and ablation behaviors of C/C-SiC-ZrC composites","authors":"Haitao Liu , Lianyi Wang , Hao Luo , Yi Ru","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preform structural design is a key strategy for achieving performance customization in ceramic matrix composites. This study selected three preforms with typical structural characteristics: 2.5D needle-punched, 2.5D stitched, and 3D orthogonal. The governing mechanisms of their architectural differences on the microstructure and macroscopic properties of C/C-SiC-ZrC composites fabricated by reactive melt infiltration (RMI) were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the straight and continuous fiber bundles in the 3D orthogonal architecture significantly enhance load transfer efficiency, increasing the tensile strength by 97.23 % and 65.66 % compared to the 2.5D needle-punched and stitched architectures, respectively. In contrast, the 2.5D needle-punched architecture promotes uniform distribution and high densification of the ceramic phase, exhibiting the best ablation resistance with linear and mass ablation rates of −1.36 ± 0.057 μm/s and 2.57 ± 0.178 mg/s, respectively. This study provides guidance for the preform design of ceramic matrix composites for extreme environments: the 3D orthogonal structure is suitable for high-load-bearing components, while the 2.5D needle-punched structure is specialized for ablation-resistant parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115295"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanism study on the microstructure and low-temperature toughness of Q355E welded joints with different wire compositions 不同线材成分对Q355E焊接接头显微组织及低温韧性的影响机理研究

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115297

Qian Li , Youping Sun , Rong Ma , Bo Lin , Kaifei Zhang , Chenglong Liu

The widespread application of construction machinery and equipment in the extremely cold mining market has led to an increasing demand for material impact resistance. This article investigates the effects of different welding wires on the microstructure and low-temperature impact performance of welded joints. These welded parts are widely used in the production of component materials for engineering machinery equipment operating in extremely cold markets, with the aim of obtaining materials with higher low-temperature impact toughness and mechanical properties. Microstructure analysis is conducted through electron backscatter diffraction experiments. The findings demonstrate that variations exist in the mechanical properties of distinct welded joints, arising from the combined effects of fine grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening mechanisms. Through the simulation of molten pool solidification, it was observed that different alloying elements exert a notable influence on the crystalline phase transformation during the solidification process. This gives rise to substantial discrepancies in grain size, high-angle grain boundaries, and dislocation density. These results suggest that titanium contributes to facilitating the nucleation of acicular ferrite, which leads to fracture that an energy-intensive form as the primary mode of impact fracture. This effect effectively suppresses crack propagation and enhances the low-temperature impact toughness of the welded joints.

工程机械设备在极寒矿山市场的广泛应用，导致对材料抗冲击性的要求越来越高。研究了不同焊丝对焊接接头显微组织和低温冲击性能的影响。这些焊接件广泛用于生产在极冷市场运行的工程机械设备的构件材料，目的是获得具有较高低温冲击韧性和力学性能的材料。通过电子背散射衍射实验进行了微结构分析。结果表明，不同焊接接头的力学性能存在差异，这是由细晶强化和位错强化机制共同作用的结果。通过对熔池凝固过程的模拟，发现不同的合金元素对凝固过程中的结晶相变有显著的影响。这导致了晶粒尺寸、高角度晶界和位错密度的显著差异。结果表明，钛有利于针状铁素体的形核，导致冲击断裂以能量密集型断裂形式为主。这种效应有效地抑制了裂纹扩展，提高了焊接接头的低温冲击韧性。

{"title":"Mechanism study on the microstructure and low-temperature toughness of Q355E welded joints with different wire compositions","authors":"Qian Li , Youping Sun , Rong Ma , Bo Lin , Kaifei Zhang , Chenglong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread application of construction machinery and equipment in the extremely cold mining market has led to an increasing demand for material impact resistance. This article investigates the effects of different welding wires on the microstructure and low-temperature impact performance of welded joints. These welded parts are widely used in the production of component materials for engineering machinery equipment operating in extremely cold markets, with the aim of obtaining materials with higher low-temperature impact toughness and mechanical properties. Microstructure analysis is conducted through electron backscatter diffraction experiments. The findings demonstrate that variations exist in the mechanical properties of distinct welded joints, arising from the combined effects of fine grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening mechanisms. Through the simulation of molten pool solidification, it was observed that different alloying elements exert a notable influence on the crystalline phase transformation during the solidification process. This gives rise to substantial discrepancies in grain size, high-angle grain boundaries, and dislocation density. These results suggest that titanium contributes to facilitating the nucleation of acicular ferrite, which leads to fracture that an energy-intensive form as the primary mode of impact fracture. This effect effectively suppresses crack propagation and enhances the low-temperature impact toughness of the welded joints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 115297"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0