Materials & Design最新文献

Predicting interface behavior and final geometry in multi-material spark plasma sintering: design insights from validated multiphysics process modeling 预测多材料火花等离子烧结的界面行为和最终几何形状：来自验证的多物理场过程建模的设计见解

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115557

A. Kumar, M. Bernet, L. Deillon, M. Bambach, M. Afrasiabi

Multi-material spark plasma sintering (SPS) enables architected components with tailored properties, but it also poses challenges in controlling differential densification, geometric precision, and interface alignment under complex electro-thermo-mechanical conditions. Because experimental trial-and-error provides only limited insight into these coupled mechanisms, predictive process modeling is needed. Here, we develop and experimentally validate a fully coupled electro–thermo–mechanical finite element model for multi-material SPS of copper-nickel systems. A central contribution is the direct transfer of porosity-dependent constitutive parameters, independently calibrated from single-material SPS experiments, to multi-material configurations, without any additional fitting. The model accurately captures the temperature and densification evolution across three representative interface orientations (horizontal, inclined, and vertical), with deviations below 1%, providing a quantitative validation of parameter transferability. From an engineering perspective, the framework predicts final geometries and interface displacements with dimensional errors below 7%, enabling predictive design of powder deposition and interface placement. The simulations further show that interface orientation controls current-path distortion and localized Joule heating in highly conductive materials, whereas differences in porosity are the dominant driver of interface displacement. Beyond the Cu–Ni system studied here, the proposed multiphysics framework provides a transferable modeling strategy to support geometry control and interface design in thermomechanically similar multi-material SPS components.

多材料火花等离子烧结（SPS）可以实现具有定制性能的架构组件，但在复杂的电热机械条件下，在控制差异密度、几何精度和界面对齐方面也存在挑战。由于实验试错法只能对这些耦合机制提供有限的见解，因此需要进行预测过程建模。在这里，我们开发并实验验证了一个多材料铜-镍系统SPS的完全耦合的电-热-机械有限元模型。一个核心贡献是孔隙率相关的本构参数的直接转移，从单材料SPS实验独立校准到多材料配置，无需任何额外的拟合。该模型准确捕获了三个代表性界面方向（水平、倾斜和垂直）的温度和致密化演变，偏差低于1%，为参数可传递性提供了定量验证。从工程角度来看，该框架可以预测最终几何形状和界面位移，尺寸误差低于7%，从而实现粉末沉积和界面放置的预测设计。模拟进一步表明，在高导电性材料中，界面取向控制着电流路径畸变和局部焦耳加热，而孔隙率的差异是界面位移的主要驱动因素。除了本文研究的Cu-Ni系统之外，所提出的多物理场框架提供了一种可转移的建模策略，以支持热机械相似的多材料SPS组件的几何控制和界面设计。

{"title":"Predicting interface behavior and final geometry in multi-material spark plasma sintering: design insights from validated multiphysics process modeling","authors":"A. Kumar, M. Bernet, L. Deillon, M. Bambach, M. Afrasiabi","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-material spark plasma sintering (SPS) enables architected components with tailored properties, but it also poses challenges in controlling differential densification, geometric precision, and interface alignment under complex electro-thermo-mechanical conditions. Because experimental trial-and-error provides only limited insight into these coupled mechanisms, predictive process modeling is needed. Here, we develop and experimentally validate a fully coupled electro–thermo–mechanical finite element model for multi-material SPS of copper-nickel systems. A central contribution is the direct transfer of porosity-dependent constitutive parameters, independently calibrated from single-material SPS experiments, to multi-material configurations, without any additional fitting. The model accurately captures the temperature and densification evolution across three representative interface orientations (horizontal, inclined, and vertical), with deviations below 1%, providing a quantitative validation of parameter transferability. From an engineering perspective, the framework predicts final geometries and interface displacements with dimensional errors below 7%, enabling predictive design of powder deposition and interface placement. The simulations further show that interface orientation controls current-path distortion and localized Joule heating in highly conductive materials, whereas differences in porosity are the dominant driver of interface displacement. Beyond the Cu–Ni system studied here, the proposed multiphysics framework provides a transferable modeling strategy to support geometry control and interface design in thermomechanically similar multi-material SPS components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115557"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimized low-temperature heat treatment to enhance the mechanical properties of ceramic-reinforced TWIP steel matrix composites 优化低温热处理工艺，提高陶瓷增强TWIP钢基复合材料的力学性能

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115566

Guojin Sun , Qi Wang

This work explores the use of an improved low-temperature heat treatment procedure to improve the mechanical properties of large-sized ceramic-reinforced TWIP (Twinning-Induced Plasticity) steel matrix composites. The results obtained demonstrate that the ceramic-reinforced TWIP composite’s strength and ductility are significantly improved with low-temperature heat treatment, especially at 400 °C. The ductility, which is determined by the displacement at maximum force, improved by more than 40%, while the bending strength increased by more than 200 MPa to reach about 1000 MPa. The mechanical performance improvements in ceramic-reinforced TWIP steel matrix composites can be primarily attributed to the optimization of the TWIP steel matrix through precise heat treatment. The enhancement is the result of the synergistic effects of twin-induced plasticity (TWIP) and precipitation strengthening mechanisms, which have been carefully engineered through the controlled thermal processes. Precipitate clustering at grain boundaries occasioned an apparent change in its mechanical properties as the heat treatment temperature rose over 400 °C, compromising both strength and ductility. The findings offer significant guidance for facilitating the development of high-performance TWIP steel matrix composites in demanding engineering applications through shedding illumination on the relationship between ceramic reinforcement, the application of heat, and microstructural evolution.

本工作探讨了使用改进的低温热处理工艺来改善大尺寸陶瓷增强TWIP（孪生诱导塑性）钢基复合材料的力学性能。结果表明，低温热处理，特别是在400℃时，陶瓷增强TWIP复合材料的强度和塑性得到了显著提高。由最大受力位移决定的延性提高了40%以上，抗弯强度提高了200 MPa以上，达到1000 MPa左右。陶瓷增强TWIP钢基复合材料力学性能的提高主要归功于TWIP钢基通过精密热处理的优化。这种增强是双诱导塑性（TWIP）和沉淀强化机制协同作用的结果，这两种机制都是通过受控的热过程精心设计的。当热处理温度超过400℃时，晶界处的析出相聚集导致其力学性能发生明显变化，强度和延展性均受到影响。该研究结果通过揭示陶瓷增强、热应用和微观组织演变之间的关系，为促进高性能TWIP钢基复合材料在苛刻的工程应用中的发展提供了重要的指导。

{"title":"Optimized low-temperature heat treatment to enhance the mechanical properties of ceramic-reinforced TWIP steel matrix composites","authors":"Guojin Sun , Qi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work explores the use of an improved low-temperature heat treatment procedure to improve the mechanical properties of large-sized ceramic-reinforced TWIP (Twinning-Induced Plasticity) steel matrix composites. The results obtained demonstrate that the ceramic-reinforced TWIP composite’s strength and ductility are significantly improved with low-temperature heat treatment, especially at 400 °C. The ductility, which is determined by the displacement at maximum force, improved by more than 40%, while the bending strength increased by more than 200 MPa to reach about 1000 MPa. The mechanical performance improvements in ceramic-reinforced TWIP steel matrix composites can be primarily attributed to the optimization of the TWIP steel matrix through precise heat treatment. The enhancement is the result of the synergistic effects of twin-induced plasticity (TWIP) and precipitation strengthening mechanisms, which have been carefully engineered through the controlled thermal processes. Precipitate clustering at grain boundaries occasioned an apparent change in its mechanical properties as the heat treatment temperature rose over 400 °C, compromising both strength and ductility. The findings offer significant guidance for facilitating the development of high-performance TWIP steel matrix composites in demanding engineering applications through shedding illumination on the relationship between ceramic reinforcement, the application of heat, and microstructural evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115566"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nanoparticles-mediated SLAMF7 overexpression regulates TME for enhanced immunotherapy of solid tumors 纳米颗粒介导的SLAMF7过表达调节TME增强实体瘤的免疫治疗

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115564

Yixia Liang , Shuwen Cao , Xuanping Deng , Jiabao Tan , Guo Wu , Shiyu Tan , Xiaoding Xu , Jiyi Yao , Lei Xu , Phei Er Saw

Compared to hematologic malignancies, solid tumors respond poorly to immunotherapy, largely due to their immunosuppressive microenvironment and lack of effective immune regulatory molecules. Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Family Member 7 (SLAMF7), a macrophage-activating receptor highly expressed in hematologic cancers, is scarcely present in solid tumors. While tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) possess anti-tumor potential, their phagocytic capacity remains untapped in solid tumors. We herein developed a glutathione (GSH)-responsive nanoparticle platform based on PLGA_10k-S-S-mPEG_5k to deliver plasmid DNA encoding SLAMF7 (NP_pSLAMF7) into solid tumor cells. Successful SLAMF7 expression effectively reprogrammed these cells to mimic hematopoietic cancer cells, thereby inducing potent macrophage phagocytosis. RNA-seq and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that upon phagocytosis, macrophages activated phagocytosis-related and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways, leading to increased secretion of CXCL9 and CXCL10, driving CD8⁺ T cell recruitment. In both orthotopic and metastatic breast tumor models, NP_pSLAMF7 synergized with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy, achieving maximal tumor suppression. Our work establishes NP_pSLAMF7 as the first nanoplatform to induce SLAMF7 expression in solid tumors, thereby enhancing macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and CD8⁺ T cell infiltration. This strategy reprograms the TME and acts synergistically with PD-1 blockade, offering a promising strategy for next-generation solid tumor immunotherapy.

与血液系统恶性肿瘤相比，实体瘤对免疫治疗的反应较差，主要是由于其免疫抑制微环境和缺乏有效的免疫调节分子。信号淋巴细胞激活分子家族成员7 （SLAMF7）是一种在血液学癌症中高度表达的巨噬细胞激活受体，在实体肿瘤中很少存在。虽然肿瘤微环境（TME）中的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（tam）具有抗肿瘤潜能，但其吞噬能力在实体肿瘤中尚未开发。我们基于PLGA10k-S-S-mPEG5k构建了谷胱甘肽（GSH）响应纳米颗粒平台，将编码SLAMF7 （NPpSLAMF7）的质粒DNA传递到实体肿瘤细胞中。成功表达SLAMF7能有效地对这些细胞进行重编程，使其模仿造血癌细胞，从而诱导巨噬细胞吞噬。RNA-seq和KEGG通路分析显示，巨噬细胞吞噬后激活吞噬相关通路和细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用通路，导致CXCL9和CXCL10分泌增加，驱动CD8+ T细胞募集。在原位和转移性乳腺肿瘤模型中，NPpSLAMF7与抗pd -1抗体治疗协同作用，达到最大的肿瘤抑制作用。我们的工作建立了NPpSLAMF7作为第一个在实体肿瘤中诱导SLAMF7表达的纳米平台，从而增强巨噬细胞介导的吞噬和CD8+ T细胞的浸润。该策略重编程TME并与PD-1阻断协同作用，为下一代实体瘤免疫治疗提供了一种有前景的策略。

{"title":"Nanoparticles-mediated SLAMF7 overexpression regulates TME for enhanced immunotherapy of solid tumors","authors":"Yixia Liang , Shuwen Cao , Xuanping Deng , Jiabao Tan , Guo Wu , Shiyu Tan , Xiaoding Xu , Jiyi Yao , Lei Xu , Phei Er Saw","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to hematologic malignancies, solid tumors respond poorly to immunotherapy, largely due to their immunosuppressive microenvironment and lack of effective immune regulatory molecules. Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Family Member 7 (SLAMF7), a macrophage-activating receptor highly expressed in hematologic cancers, is scarcely present in solid tumors. While tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) possess anti-tumor potential, their phagocytic capacity remains untapped in solid tumors. We herein developed a glutathione (GSH)-responsive nanoparticle platform based on PLGA<sub>10k</sub>-S-S-mPEG<sub>5k</sub> to deliver plasmid DNA encoding SLAMF7 (NP<sub>pSLAMF7</sub>) into solid tumor cells. Successful SLAMF7 expression effectively reprogrammed these cells to mimic hematopoietic cancer cells, thereby inducing potent macrophage phagocytosis. RNA-seq and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that upon phagocytosis, macrophages activated phagocytosis-related and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways, leading to increased secretion of CXCL9 and CXCL10, driving CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell recruitment. In both orthotopic and metastatic breast tumor models, NP<sub>pSLAMF7</sub> synergized with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy, achieving maximal tumor suppression. Our work establishes NP<sub>pSLAMF7</sub> as the first nanoplatform to induce SLAMF7 expression in solid tumors, thereby enhancing macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell infiltration. This strategy reprograms the TME and acts synergistically with PD-1 blockade, offering a promising strategy for next-generation solid tumor immunotherapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115564"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the mechanical properties of Yili loess improved by EICP biomimetic mineralization technology under freeze-thaw cycle conditions 冻融循环条件下EICP仿生矿化技术改良伊犁黄土力学特性研究

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115574

Guangming Shi , Yuan Xue , Dejun Yang , Ai Zhang , Weiming Guan , Junhui Zhang , Xinhui Pan , Dingyu Wang , Chao Jin

This study employs Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) technology on Yili loess to enhance its resistance to freeze–thaw damage. EICP significantly improves the durability of the loess by restricting moisture migration and alleviating stresses induced by ice crystal formation. Following 15 freeze–thaw cycles, specimens treated with EICP exhibited only minor surface cracks, in stark contrast to the extensive crack networks observed in untreated specimens. In terms of mechanical properties, the EICP-treated loess demonstrated a 1.5-fold increase in unconfined compressive strength and a 1.33-fold rise in initial elastic modulus, maintaining advantages of 1.6-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively, after undergoing the cycles. The failure mode shifted from shear to compression, indicating enhanced structural integrity. Under the combined effects of freeze–thaw action and confining pressure, the shear strength of the treated loess consistently remained higher, primarily due to an increase in cohesion (1.17-fold initially and 18.72% higher after cycling), while the friction angle exhibited minimal change. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations revealed that calcium carbonate cementation filled the pores, resulting in a dense structure dominated by small- to medium-sized pores, effectively suppressing pore expansion and crack propagation induced by freeze–thaw cycles. This research showcases a promising technique for stabilizing Yili loess in cold regions.

采用酶促碳酸盐沉淀（EICP）技术对伊犁黄土进行抗冻融损伤处理。EICP通过限制水分迁移和减轻冰晶形成引起的应力显著提高黄土的耐久性。经过15次冻融循环后，经EICP处理的试件只有轻微的表面裂缝，与未经处理的试件中观察到的广泛的裂缝网络形成鲜明对比。力学性能方面，经过循环处理的黄土无侧限抗压强度和初始弹性模量分别提高了1.5倍和1.33倍，保持了分别为1.6倍和2.2倍的优势。破坏模式由剪切转变为压缩，结构完整性增强。在冻融和围压共同作用下，处理后黄土的抗剪强度保持较高，主要是由于黏聚力增加（初始增加1.17倍，循环后增加18.72%），而摩擦角变化不大。扫描电镜（SEM）观察发现，孔隙中存在碳酸钙胶结，形成以中小孔隙为主的致密结构，有效抑制冻融循环引起的孔隙扩张和裂纹扩展。本研究为寒区伊犁黄土的稳定提供了一种有前景的技术。

{"title":"Study on the mechanical properties of Yili loess improved by EICP biomimetic mineralization technology under freeze-thaw cycle conditions","authors":"Guangming Shi , Yuan Xue , Dejun Yang , Ai Zhang , Weiming Guan , Junhui Zhang , Xinhui Pan , Dingyu Wang , Chao Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) technology on Yili loess to enhance its resistance to freeze–thaw damage. EICP significantly improves the durability of the loess by restricting moisture migration and alleviating stresses induced by ice crystal formation. Following 15 freeze–thaw cycles, specimens treated with EICP exhibited only minor surface cracks, in stark contrast to the extensive crack networks observed in untreated specimens. In terms of mechanical properties, the EICP-treated loess demonstrated a 1.5-fold increase in unconfined compressive strength and a 1.33-fold rise in initial elastic modulus, maintaining advantages of 1.6-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively, after undergoing the cycles. The failure mode shifted from shear to compression, indicating enhanced structural integrity. Under the combined effects of freeze–thaw action and confining pressure, the shear strength of the treated loess consistently remained higher, primarily due to an increase in cohesion (1.17-fold initially and 18.72% higher after cycling), while the friction angle exhibited minimal change. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations revealed that calcium carbonate cementation filled the pores, resulting in a dense structure dominated by small- to medium-sized pores, effectively suppressing pore expansion and crack propagation induced by freeze–thaw cycles. This research showcases a promising technique for stabilizing Yili loess in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115574"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual-functional Ti coating with spatiotemporal antibacterial activity and osteoimmune modulation for implant-related infection 具有时空抗菌活性和骨免疫调节的双功能钛涂层对种植体相关感染的研究

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115558

Ziyi Zhao , Qimin Hong , Zhen Liu , Ziyang Tian , Wei Zhang , Rui Wang , Shuo Geng , Jianping Yang , Bin’en Nie , Bing Yue

Stimulating bone regeneration post-orthopedic implantation while inhibiting infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, remains a major clinical challenge in orthopedic surgery. Enhancing antibacterial performance while preserving bone integration remains challenging, as these two functions are often difficult to optimize simultaneously using conventional strategies. To this end, we developed a multifunctional Ti surface coating comprising Cu(I) oxide (Cu₂O) nanoparticles and E7-KR12 peptide. Characterization and in vitro and in vivo assay results revealed that this multifunctional coating exhibited on-demand spatiotemporal antibacterial action and osteoimmune modulation: Cu₂O provided early-stage bactericidal activity and promoted M1-type macrophage polarization, enhancing immune-mediated bacterial clearance, while E7-KR12 was comprised of an antimicrobial peptide (KR12) and a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell adhesion-promoting peptide (E7). During the healing phase, the E7-KR12 coating promoted rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC) recruitment, macrophage M2 polarization, and osteogenic differentiation. In vitro studies confirmed strong antibacterial activity, favorable immunomodulation, and enhanced osteogenesis. In an implant-related infection model, the multifunctional Ti coating reduced the bacterial burden, suppressed inflammation, and promoted robust bone regeneration. Therefore, this study formulated a novel Ti coating with on-demand spatiotemporal antibacterial action and osteoimmune modulation, demonstrating translational potential for orthopedic implants in infection-prone environments.

刺激骨植入后的骨再生，同时抑制感染，特别是由耐多药金黄色葡萄球菌引起的感染，仍然是骨科手术的主要临床挑战。增强抗菌性能的同时保持骨整合仍然具有挑战性，因为这两种功能通常难以同时使用传统策略进行优化。为此，我们开发了一种由Cu(I)氧化物（Cu2O）纳米颗粒和E7-KR12肽组成的多功能Ti表面涂层。表征和体外、体内实验结果表明，该多功能涂层具有按需时空抗菌作用和骨免疫调节作用：Cu2O具有早期杀菌活性，促进m1型巨噬细胞极化，增强免疫介导的细菌清除，而E7-KR12由抗菌肽（KR12）和骨髓间充质干细胞粘附促进肽（E7）组成。在愈合阶段，E7-KR12涂层促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（rBMSC）募集、巨噬细胞M2极化和成骨分化。体外研究证实其具有很强的抗菌活性、良好的免疫调节作用和促进成骨作用。在种植体相关感染模型中，多功能钛涂层减少了细菌负担，抑制了炎症，并促进了强健的骨再生。因此，本研究制定了一种新型的钛涂层，具有随需应变的时空抗菌作用和骨免疫调节，展示了在感染易发环境中骨科植入物的转化潜力。

{"title":"Dual-functional Ti coating with spatiotemporal antibacterial activity and osteoimmune modulation for implant-related infection","authors":"Ziyi Zhao , Qimin Hong , Zhen Liu , Ziyang Tian , Wei Zhang , Rui Wang , Shuo Geng , Jianping Yang , Bin’en Nie , Bing Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stimulating bone regeneration post-orthopedic implantation while inhibiting infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, remains a major clinical challenge in orthopedic surgery. Enhancing antibacterial performance while preserving bone integration remains challenging, as these two functions are often difficult to optimize simultaneously using conventional strategies. To this end, we developed a multifunctional Ti surface coating comprising Cu(I) oxide (Cu<sub>2</sub>O) nanoparticles and E7-KR12 peptide. Characterization and in vitro and in vivo assay results revealed that this multifunctional coating exhibited on-demand spatiotemporal antibacterial action and osteoimmune modulation: Cu<sub>2</sub>O provided early-stage bactericidal activity and promoted M1-type macrophage polarization, enhancing immune-mediated bacterial clearance, while E7-KR12 was comprised of an antimicrobial peptide (KR12) and a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell adhesion-promoting peptide (E7). During the healing phase, the E7-KR12 coating promoted rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC) recruitment, macrophage M2 polarization, and osteogenic differentiation. In vitro studies confirmed strong antibacterial activity, favorable immunomodulation, and enhanced osteogenesis. In an implant-related infection model, the multifunctional Ti coating reduced the bacterial burden, suppressed inflammation, and promoted robust bone regeneration. Therefore, this study formulated a novel Ti coating with on-demand spatiotemporal antibacterial action and osteoimmune modulation, demonstrating translational potential for orthopedic implants in infection-prone environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115558"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Topology optimization design of titanium alloy outer cylinder lug structure for landing gear 起落架钛合金外筒耳结构拓扑优化设计

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115562

Jiale Shi , Zhipeng Li , Zhen Zhuang , Fu Li , Lingbo Zhang , Quhao Li , Yunfeng Luo

While A-100 ultra-high-strength steel is widely employed in landing gear, its mass poses a constraint for advancing aircraft performance. To overcome this, the present research introduces two key innovations: the substitution with a lightweight titanium alloy and the development of an integrated topology and shape optimization framework, specifically applied to the outer cylinder lug. This approach yielded an optimal design that reduces mass by 28.4% and confines the maximum stress to 860.6 MPa, safely under the 875 MPa allowable threshold. A comprehensive experimental validation, involving full-scale static, fatigue, and post-fatigue residual strength tests, was conducted following a complete design-to-test workflow, confirming the design’s practical robustness. The findings underscore that the integrated methodology achieves substantial mass savings while ensuring structural integrity and durability, providing a critical reference for engineering future landing gear components.

虽然a- 100超高强度钢广泛用于起落架，但其质量对提高飞机性能构成了制约。为了克服这个问题，本研究引入了两个关键创新：用轻质钛合金替代，以及开发集成拓扑和形状优化框架，特别是应用于外气缸凸耳。这种方法产生了一个优化设计，减少了28.4%的质量，并将最大应力限制在860.6 MPa，安全低于875 MPa的允许阈值。全面的实验验证，包括全尺寸静态、疲劳和疲劳后残余强度测试，按照完整的设计到测试工作流程进行，确认了设计的实际鲁棒性。研究结果强调，集成方法在确保结构完整性和耐久性的同时，实现了大量的质量节约，为未来起落架部件的工程设计提供了重要参考。

引用次数: 0

Additive manufacturing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene: Feedstock quality correlations, heat-induced shrinkage, and 4D printing applications 丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯的增材制造：原料质量相关性，热致收缩和4D打印应用

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115532

Thang Q. Tran, Xinying Deng, Carla Canturri, Chu Long Tham, Muthu Vignesh Vellayappan, Xiaoying Qi, Hitheshvar Ramasamy Rajkumar, Jiazhao Huang, Jingyi Yang, Mui Ling Sharon Nai

Here we investigate the correlations between the quality and properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) feedstock filaments and their material extrusion 3D printed counterparts. Three ABS filaments with different dimensional accuracy, density, residue content, and defects were employed to fabricate ABS parts at the same printing conditions and evaluated for mechanical strength, dimensional precision, mesostructures, and heat-induced shrinkage. It was found that poor-quality ABS filaments could lower the mechanical performance and dimensional accuracy of the printed parts while feedstocks with higher density and lower residue content yielded higher heat-induced shrinkage rate (up to 21.4%). Exploiting this differential shrinkage, a novel direct four-dimensional (4D) printing method was developed to fabricate self-bending bilayer structures triggered by heat stimulus without programming process. The findings offer valuable insight into the critical role of the quality and properties of ABS feedstock filaments in defining the printed parts’ behaviors and suggest great potentials of the proposed 4D printing method for fabricating smart polymer structures made of a wide range of thermoplastic materials even without shape-memory properties.

在这里，我们研究了丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）原料长丝及其材料挤压3D打印对应物的质量和性能之间的相关性。在相同的打印条件下，采用不同尺寸精度、密度、残留含量和缺陷的三种ABS长丝制备ABS零件，并对其机械强度、尺寸精度、细观结构和热致收缩率进行了评价。研究发现，质量差的ABS长丝会降低打印件的力学性能和尺寸精度，而密度越大、残渣含量越低的原料热致收缩率越高（可达21.4%）。利用这种差异收缩率，开发了一种新的直接四维（4D）打印方法，可以在没有编程过程的情况下制造由热刺激触发的自弯曲双层结构。这些发现为ABS原料长丝的质量和性能在定义打印部件行为中的关键作用提供了有价值的见解，并表明所提出的4D打印方法具有巨大的潜力，可以制造由各种热塑性材料制成的智能聚合物结构，即使没有形状记忆特性。

{"title":"Additive manufacturing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene: Feedstock quality correlations, heat-induced shrinkage, and 4D printing applications","authors":"Thang Q. Tran, Xinying Deng, Carla Canturri, Chu Long Tham, Muthu Vignesh Vellayappan, Xiaoying Qi, Hitheshvar Ramasamy Rajkumar, Jiazhao Huang, Jingyi Yang, Mui Ling Sharon Nai","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here we investigate the correlations between the quality and properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) feedstock filaments and their material extrusion 3D printed counterparts. Three ABS filaments with different dimensional accuracy, density, residue content, and defects were employed to fabricate ABS parts at the same printing conditions and evaluated for mechanical strength, dimensional precision, mesostructures, and heat-induced shrinkage. It was found that poor-quality ABS filaments could lower the mechanical performance and dimensional accuracy of the printed parts while feedstocks with higher density and lower residue content yielded higher heat-induced shrinkage rate (up to 21.4%). Exploiting this differential shrinkage, a novel direct four-dimensional (4D) printing method was developed to fabricate self-bending bilayer structures triggered by heat stimulus without programming process. The findings offer valuable insight into the critical role of the quality and properties of ABS feedstock filaments in defining the printed parts’ behaviors and suggest great potentials of the proposed 4D printing method for fabricating smart polymer structures made of a wide range of thermoplastic materials even without shape-memory properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115532"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of process parameters on interlayer interface mechanical properties of 3D printing fiber reinforced concrete 工艺参数对3D打印纤维增强混凝土层间界面力学性能的影响

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115539

Lei Feng , Nuo Chen , Xiao-dong Wen

The layer-by-layer deposition in concrete 3D printing creates weak interlayer interfaces, posing risks to structural integrity. This study systematically investigates the effects of printing parameters (layer height, speed, interlayer time intervals) and material composition on interlaminar tensile/shear strength and defect formation mechanisms using an experimental-computational approach. Results demonstrate that mechanical performance inversely correlates with layer height, printing speed, and interlayer intervals: reducing layer height from 15 mm to 5 mm elevates tensile strength by 186.85 %, while decreasing printing speed from 50 mm/s to 30 mm/s improves interlaminar tensile strength by 50.7 %. Continuous printing enhances interlaminar tensile and shear strengths by 77.18 % and 45.96 %, respectively, compared to 24-hour delayed printing. Microstructural analysis identifies crack width expansion as the primary cause of interfacial weakening. A mechanics-driven numerical model was established to quantify process-property relationships, predicting interlaminar tensile/shear forces with <5 % deviation from experimental measurements. Validation confirmed that the model can integrate and push out key parameters (layer height: 13–26 mm; Speed: 22–92 mm/s) for optimal bonding in line with industry specifications. This work provides a predictive framework for optimizing 3D-printed concrete structures by balancing process efficiency and interfacial durability, advancing the design of robust additive-manufactured construction components.

在混凝土3D打印中，逐层沉积会产生较弱的层间界面，对结构完整性构成风险。本研究系统地研究了打印参数（层高度、速度、层间时间间隔）和材料成分对层间拉伸/剪切强度和缺陷形成机制的影响。结果表明：层高、打印速度、层间间隔与力学性能呈负相关：层高从15 mm降低到5 mm，层间拉伸强度提高186.85%，打印速度从50 mm/s降低到30 mm/s，层间拉伸强度提高50.7%。与24小时延迟打印相比，连续打印可使层间拉伸强度和剪切强度分别提高77.18%和45.96%。微观结构分析表明，裂纹宽度扩展是导致界面弱化的主要原因。建立了一个力学驱动的数值模型来量化工艺性能关系，预测层间拉伸/剪切力与实验测量值偏差<； 5%。验证证实，该模型可以集成并推出关键参数（层高：13-26 mm；速度：22-92 mm/s），以实现符合行业规范的最佳粘合。这项工作通过平衡工艺效率和界面耐久性，为优化3d打印混凝土结构提供了一个预测框架，推进了坚固的增材制造建筑部件的设计。

{"title":"Influence of process parameters on interlayer interface mechanical properties of 3D printing fiber reinforced concrete","authors":"Lei Feng , Nuo Chen , Xiao-dong Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The layer-by-layer deposition in concrete 3D printing creates weak interlayer interfaces, posing risks to structural integrity. This study systematically investigates the effects of printing parameters (layer height, speed, interlayer time intervals) and material composition on interlaminar tensile/shear strength and defect formation mechanisms using an experimental-computational approach. Results demonstrate that mechanical performance inversely correlates with layer height, printing speed, and interlayer intervals: reducing layer height from 15 mm to 5 mm elevates tensile strength by 186.85 %, while decreasing printing speed from 50 mm/s to 30 mm/s improves interlaminar tensile strength by 50.7 %. Continuous printing enhances interlaminar tensile and shear strengths by 77.18 % and 45.96 %, respectively, compared to 24-hour delayed printing. Microstructural analysis identifies crack width expansion as the primary cause of interfacial weakening. A mechanics-driven numerical model was established to quantify process-property relationships, predicting interlaminar tensile/shear forces with <5 % deviation from experimental measurements. Validation confirmed that the model can integrate and push out key parameters (layer height: 13–26 mm; Speed: 22–92 mm/s) for optimal bonding in line with industry specifications. This work provides a predictive framework for optimizing 3D-printed concrete structures by balancing process efficiency and interfacial durability, advancing the design of robust additive-manufactured construction components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115539"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards free-machining titanium: role of boron and lanthanum hexaboride in Ti-6Al-4V 自由加工钛：硼和六硼化镧在Ti-6Al-4V中的作用

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115553

Mandeep Singh, Chi-Ho Ng, Muhammad Adeel Zafar, Matthew Dargusch, M.J. Bermingham

Many titanium alloys are notoriously difficult to machine materials, and there is a need to understand new ways to improve their machinability. This study explores the effect of trace element additions, specifically boron (B) and lanthanum hexaboride (LaB₆), on the machinability of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64). Alloys containing these additives were prepared via casting and evaluated through slot milling tests to assess cutting forces, tool wear, chip morphology, and surface quality. The addition of boron led to the formation of titanium boride (TiB) particles, which contributed to high cutting forces, increased built-up edge (BUE) formation, and irregular chip segmentation. Conversely, LaB₆ additions led to the formation of both TiB and La-rich particles, where the La-rich particles enhanced material flow, resulting in reduced cutting forces, uniform chip formation, and improved machined surface quality. These findings offer valuable insights into the design of free-machining titanium alloys and may facilitate more efficient manufacturing of Ti-64 components.

许多钛合金是出了名的难以加工的材料，有必要了解新的方法来提高其可加工性。本研究探讨了微量元素添加，特别是硼(B)和六硼化镧（LaB6）对Ti-6Al-4V （Ti-64）可加工性的影响。通过铸造制备含有这些添加剂的合金，并通过槽铣削测试评估切削力、刀具磨损、切屑形貌和表面质量。硼的加入导致硼化钛（TiB）颗粒的形成，这导致了高切削力，增加了堆积边（BUE）的形成，以及不规则的切屑分割。相反，LaB6的加入导致TiB和la -富颗粒的形成，其中la -富颗粒增强了材料流动，从而降低了切削力，切屑形成均匀，提高了加工表面质量。这些发现为自由加工钛合金的设计提供了有价值的见解，并可能促进更有效地制造Ti-64部件。

{"title":"Towards free-machining titanium: role of boron and lanthanum hexaboride in Ti-6Al-4V","authors":"Mandeep Singh, Chi-Ho Ng, Muhammad Adeel Zafar, Matthew Dargusch, M.J. Bermingham","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many titanium alloys are notoriously difficult to machine materials, and there is a need to understand new ways to improve their machinability. This study explores the effect of trace element additions, specifically boron (B) and lanthanum hexaboride (LaB<sub>6</sub>), on the machinability of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64). Alloys containing these additives were prepared via casting and evaluated through slot milling tests to assess cutting forces, tool wear, chip morphology, and surface quality. The addition of boron led to the formation of titanium boride (TiB) particles, which contributed to high cutting forces, increased built-up edge (BUE) formation, and irregular chip segmentation. Conversely, LaB<sub>6</sub> additions led to the formation of both TiB and La-rich particles, where the La-rich particles enhanced material flow, resulting in reduced cutting forces, uniform chip formation, and improved machined surface quality. These findings offer valuable insights into the design of free-machining titanium alloys and may facilitate more efficient manufacturing of Ti-64 components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115553"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Single-additive TSV filling achieved with a tris-ammonium-based suppressor 采用三铵基抑制剂实现单添加剂TSV填充

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115544

Haejin Kwak , Youngran Seo , Hui Won Eom , Thomas P. Moffat , Dongwon Yoo , Myung Jun Kim

As transistor scaling approaches its physical limits, advanced semiconductor packaging has emerged as a promising solution by enabling system-level integration and supporting the More-than-Moore paradigm. One of the most critical aspects of semiconductor packaging is the formation of high-quality metal interconnections that can reliably connect multiple dies. Cu electrodeposition has become increasingly important due to its ability to fabricate complex interconnect structures without defects. These processes typically rely on multiple organic additives in the electrolyte, whose multiplicity increases cost and complicates process control. In this study, we present a newly designed organic suppressor for single-suppressor through-silicon via (TSV) filling via Cu electrodeposition. The molecule, composed of a triazine core linked to three ammonium-based side chains, is engineered to provide strong suppression while enabling mass-transfer-limited adsorption along the TSV depth. The differing time constant of the electrical versus mass transport response gives rise to the negative differential resistance behavior and the corresponding spatial bifurcation into active and passive regions. When coupled with the reentrant TSV geometry, such bifurcation results in extreme bottom-up filling. The new tris-ammonium-based suppressor and associated design strategy expand the range of molecule functionality and geometry that can be used in next-generation Cu electrodeposition processes.

随着晶体管缩放接近其物理极限，先进的半导体封装已经成为一种有前途的解决方案，它可以实现系统级集成并支持More-than-Moore范式。半导体封装最关键的一个方面是形成高质量的金属互连，可以可靠地连接多个芯片。铜电沉积因其能够制造复杂的互连结构而变得越来越重要。这些工艺通常依赖于电解质中的多种有机添加剂，其多样性增加了成本并使过程控制复杂化。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种新设计的有机抑制器，用于通过铜电沉积的单抑制器通硅孔（TSV）填充。该分子由三嗪核心和三个氨基侧链组成，设计用于提供强大的抑制作用，同时实现沿TSV深度的传质限制吸附。电与质量输运响应的不同时间常数导致负微分电阻行为和相应的空间分岔为主动和被动区域。当与可重入的TSV几何结构相结合时，这种分叉会导致极端的自下而上填充。新的基于三铵的抑制剂和相关的设计策略扩大了分子功能和几何形状的范围，可用于下一代铜电沉积工艺。

{"title":"Single-additive TSV filling achieved with a tris-ammonium-based suppressor","authors":"Haejin Kwak , Youngran Seo , Hui Won Eom , Thomas P. Moffat , Dongwon Yoo , Myung Jun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As transistor scaling approaches its physical limits, advanced semiconductor packaging has emerged as a promising solution by enabling system-level integration and supporting the More-than-Moore paradigm. One of the most critical aspects of semiconductor packaging is the formation of high-quality metal interconnections that can reliably connect multiple dies. Cu electrodeposition has become increasingly important due to its ability to fabricate complex interconnect structures without defects. These processes typically rely on multiple organic additives in the electrolyte, whose multiplicity increases cost and complicates process control. In this study, we present a newly designed organic suppressor for single-suppressor through-silicon via (TSV) filling via Cu electrodeposition. The molecule, composed of a triazine core linked to three ammonium-based side chains, is engineered to provide strong suppression while enabling mass-transfer-limited adsorption along the TSV depth. The differing time constant of the electrical versus mass transport response gives rise to the negative differential resistance behavior and the corresponding spatial bifurcation into active and passive regions. When coupled with the reentrant TSV geometry, such bifurcation results in extreme bottom-up filling. The new tris-ammonium-based suppressor and associated design strategy expand the range of molecule functionality and geometry that can be used in next-generation Cu electrodeposition processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 115544"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0