Materials & Design最新文献

英文中文

The influence of TiC nanoparticles addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of IN738LC alloy prepared by EB-PBF

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113723

Wei Wei , Yang Li , Bo Wei , Yuemei Tan , Pengcheng Lv , Pengxiang Nie , Yurong Wang , Xiaoyu Liang , Ting Long , Jun Zhou , Feng Lin

The addition of nano reinforcement particles to improve the mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys in additive manufacturing has become a current research focus. This paper systematically investigates the effects of adding 1.0 wt% TiC nanoparticles on the microstructure and tensile properties of nickel-based superalloy (IN738LC) prepared by electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF). The results show that the adding of TiC nanoparticles promotes the nucleation of new grains while inhibiting the growth of the original grains, reducing the grain width from 82.09 μm to 28.55 μm. After the addition of TiC, the average size of the secondary γ′ phase decreased by 73.2 %, while the average size of the primary γ′ phase increased by 114.2 %, and the overall amount of γ′ phase increased by 80.6 %. In addition, the average size of MC carbides increased by 17.16 %, and their quantity increased by 96.2 %. At room temperature, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at fracture of the composite (1.0 wt% TiC/IN738LC) improved by 23 % and 77 %, respectively. Post-tensile testing, the composite exhibited more and larger dimples, with more carbides within the dimples, thus enhancing the alloy’s ductility. The strengthening mechanism of the primary γ′ phase mainly relies on dislocation pile-up and bypassing, improving the material’s strength; the secondary γ′ phase primarily enhances ductility through dislocation cutting. MC carbides cause more dislocation pile-up, further improving the alloy’s resistance to deformation. This paper provides new insights for the development of high-performance nickel-based superalloys.

在增材制造中添加纳米增强粒子以改善镍基超合金的机械性能已成为当前的研究重点。本文系统研究了添加 1.0 wt% TiC 纳米粒子对电子束粉末床熔融（EB-PBF）制备的镍基超合金（IN738LC）的微观结构和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明，TiC 纳米粒子的加入促进了新晶粒的成核，同时抑制了原有晶粒的生长，使晶粒宽度从 82.09 μm 减小到 28.55 μm。添加 TiC 后，次生 γ′ 相的平均尺寸减少了 73.2%，而主 γ′ 相的平均尺寸增加了 114.2%，γ′相的总体数量增加了 80.6%。此外，MC 碳化物的平均尺寸增加了 17.16 %，数量增加了 96.2 %。室温下，复合材料（1.0 wt% TiC/IN738LC）的极限拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别提高了 23 % 和 77 %。拉伸测试后，复合材料显示出更多更大的凹痕，凹痕内有更多的碳化物，从而提高了合金的延展性。初级γ′相的强化机制主要依靠位错堆积和绕过，从而提高材料的强度；次级γ′相主要通过位错切割提高延展性。MC 碳化物会导致更多的位错堆积，进一步提高合金的抗变形能力。本文为开发高性能镍基超级合金提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization-dependent superplasticity in an Al-Cu-Li alloy

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113734

Guotong Zou , Ruiqiang Zhang , Wei Wang , Jun Li , Lingying Ye

Aluminum alloys with initial unrecrystallized structures generally exhibit better superplasticity and are produced more efficiently and cost-effectively than fully recrystallized ones. However, the underlying recrystallization and deformation mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization (DRX)-dependent superplastic aluminium alloys under varying deformation parameters are not yet fully understood. This study investigates the effects of deformation parameters, Al₃Zr dispersoids, and coarse secondary particles on DRX and superplasticity in an Al-Cu-Li alloy. The alloy achieves a maximum elongation of 780 % at 430 °C and 0.002 s⁻¹, primarily due to continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and grain boundary sliding (GBS). Under optimal conditions, deformed grains transform into equiaxed recrystallized grains through sub-grain rotation and coalescence, with GBS dominating subsequent deformation. Lower Zener-Hollomon parameter (lnZ) conditions promote dynamic recovery (DRV) and sub-grain growth, hindering grain refinement and superplastic deformation. Conversely, higher lnZ values inhibit recrystallization due to insufficient thermal driving force and lower DRV, resulting in retained banded grains and reduced elongation. Cu-rich secondary phases enhance CDRX but lose efficacy with their dissolution and coarsening at low lnZ conditions. This work provides insights into DRX-dependent superplastic mechanisms and offers guidance for optimizing deformation parameters to enhance the performance of aluminum alloys.

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引用次数: 0

Machine learning inverse design of high-strength mid-temperature Ag-based solders

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113736

Chengchen Jin , Kai Xiong , Yingwu Wang , Shunmeng Zhang , Yunyang Ye , Hui Fang , Aimin Zhang , Hua Dai , Yong Mao

Traditional trial-and-error experimentation and computational methods are often inefficient for designing solders with specific properties, revealing the need for more effective design strategies. This work presents a novel inverse design framework for accelerating the discovery of mid-temperature (400–600 °C) Ag-based solders. A Wasserstein Autoencoder (WAE) generates candidate compositions, targeting melting temperatures within the 400–600 °C range through a Gaussian Mixture Model and neural network classifier. Yield strength is predicted using a stacking ensemble learning model, combining Multilayer Perceptron and Gradient Boosted Decision Trees with a Decision Tree meta-learner, achieving high accuracy, which was confirmed by experimental validation of four selected alloys. This data-driven approach demonstrates significant potential for the efficient design of high-performance solder materials.

引用次数: 0

Joining Inconel 718 and GRCop42: A framework for developing transition compositions to avoid cracking and brittle phase formation

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113733

Jakub Preis , Stephanie B. Lawson , Nick Wannenmacher , Somayeh Pasebani

Distinct regions of high temperature strength and high thermal conductivity are required for components such as combustion chambers. Inconel 718 and GRCop42 are commonly used for such components. However, the bimetallic joining of these alloys has been shown to result in a liquid miscibility gap at the interface, which at select compositions can lead to brittle phase formation and cracking. In this work, CALPHAD modeling is used to predict regions of brittle phase formation in the Inconel 718–Ni–GRCop42 and Ni–Cu GRCop42 multi-component ternary systems, with experimental validation of the modeling provided by arc melting. Through characterization of arc melted sample microstructure combined with CALPHAD modeling, the solidification paths throughout the system are elucidated and a brittle phase and crack free compositional region is identified. Based on these results, a compositionally graded path consisting of two transition compositions is identified. Powder Laser Directed Energy Deposition is used to fabricate the Inconel 718–GRCop42 joint with the identified transition compositions, and the joint is subject to characterization in terms of composition profile, defects, grain morphology, present phases and microhardness. Results confirm the transition compositions circumvent brittle phase formation found in bimetallic Inconel 718–GRCop42 joints, thus overcoming the thermodynamic barrier of bimetallic joining.

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引用次数: 0

Exploration of MAB phase formation in the Fe-Y-Al-B system using thin film materials libraries

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113731

Aurelija Mockute , Aleksander Kostka , Lamya Abdellaoui , Yujiao Li , Alireza B. Parsa , Florian Lourens , Christina Scheu , Alfred Ludwig

Inspired by the recent theoretical and experimental advancements in MAB phase materials design we investigate the Fe-Y-Al-B system in search for the theoretically predicted (Fe_2/3Y_1/3)₂AlB₂ in-plane ordered MAB phase. We use combinatorial co-sputtering of thin film materials libraries from elemental targets on 100 mm diameter sapphire substrates at 700 °C followed by high-throughput X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements. Selected samples from the materials libraries are further characterized by transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The MAB phase Fe₂AlB₂ is realized in thin film form as large, elongated grains imbedded in an Fe-Y-Al-B matrix. However, in contrast to the theoretical thermodynamic stability calculations, no incorporation of Y into Fe₂AlB₂ was detected.

引用次数: 0

Biomimetic Kagome-Gyroid interpenetrating metamaterial for tailoring lightweight and mechanical performance

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113729

Chang Wang , Xin Lu , Xiaoyi Yang , Hanning Zuo , Mengnie Victor Li , Xin Zhao , Tao Peng , Xing Lu

This study presents a novel interpenetrating Kagome-Gyroid (K-G) structure designed to optimize lightweight, high-strength materials. Inspired by natural biomimetic structures, such as the microstructure of butterfly wings and cancellous bone, which are known for their lightweight and strength properties, the K-G structure combines the shear resistance of the Kagome lattice with the high specific strength and stiffness of the Gyroid lattice. The optimized K-G structure demonstrates a 49.5 % increase in specific energy absorption and a 35.6 % improvement in energy absorption efficiency compared to conventional materials, highlighting its superior potential for high-impact applications. Experimental and simulation results reveal that geometric parameters significantly influence the failure and fracture behavior of the structure, particularly affecting its energy absorption characteristics. The study also investigates the distribution patterns of surface roughness and internal defects during the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) manufacturing process, highlighting their potential impact on the mechanical performance of the final structure. This novel design provides a promising foundation for the development of advanced materials with superior energy absorption capabilities, making it ideal for high-impact applications in aerospace, rail transportation, and automotive industries, where lightweight and enhanced mechanical performance are critical.

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引用次数: 0

Material removal and deformation mechanism in multiple nanoscratches of single crystal MgAl2O4

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113717

Jun Zhao , Yeshen Lan , Marian Wiercigroch , Wuqian Li , Shiwei Chen , Oltmann Riemer , Bernhard Karpuschewski

Single crystal MgAl₂O₄ requires ultra-precision machining to achieve dimensional accuracy and surface quality due to its high hardness and brittleness. To investigate the effect of multi-abrasive scratch sequences on the material removal and deformation mechanism of single crystal MgAl₂O₄ in ultra-precision machining. Multiple nanoscratches experiments with different sequences were conducted to demonstrate the randomness of the scratch sequence occurrence at the abrasive tip in ultra-precision machining. The interactions between multiple nanoscratches with different sequences were analyzed for their effects on the material deformation characteristics and surface morphologies of single crystal MgAl₂O₄. Additionally, theoretical models for the penetration depth of multiple nanoscratches with different sequences were established. The results show that multiple nanoscratches with different sequences affect the material removal and deformation mechanism of single crystal MgAl₂O₄, and the predictions of the penetration depth theoretical model align closely with the experimental results. TEM analysis results show that the subsurface deformation mechanism in the ductile removal region during multiple nanoscratches is primarily characterized by the transformation of single crystals into poly-crystalline of nanocrystalline.

{"title":"Material removal and deformation mechanism in multiple nanoscratches of single crystal MgAl2O4","authors":"Jun Zhao , Yeshen Lan , Marian Wiercigroch , Wuqian Li , Shiwei Chen , Oltmann Riemer , Bernhard Karpuschewski","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single crystal MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> requires ultra-precision machining to achieve dimensional accuracy and surface quality due to its high hardness and brittleness. To investigate the effect of multi-abrasive scratch sequences on the material removal and deformation mechanism of single crystal MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> in ultra-precision machining. Multiple nanoscratches experiments with different sequences were conducted to demonstrate the randomness of the scratch sequence occurrence at the abrasive tip in ultra-precision machining. The interactions between multiple nanoscratches with different sequences were analyzed for their effects on the material deformation characteristics and surface morphologies of single crystal MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. Additionally, theoretical models for the penetration depth of multiple nanoscratches with different sequences were established. The results show that multiple nanoscratches with different sequences affect the material removal and deformation mechanism of single crystal MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, and the predictions of the penetration depth theoretical model align closely with the experimental results. TEM analysis results show that the subsurface deformation mechanism in the ductile removal region during multiple nanoscratches is primarily characterized by the transformation of single crystals into poly-crystalline of nanocrystalline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 113717"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Developing novel high-Si 12 % Cr reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic cladding alloys via the cluster-formula approach and CALPHAD method

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113722

Sen Ge , Ben Niu , Zhenhua Wang , Qing Wang , Qianfu Pan , Chaohong Liu , Chuang Dong , Peter K. Liaw

The corrosion-resistance in lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant at elevated temperatures of traditional reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels could not meet the requirements for the application of fuel claddings. Here, we designed four series of high-Cr/Si RAFM alloys via the cluster-formula approach and CALPHAD method, in which the combinations among alloying elements were tuned to investigate their influences on the martensitic matrix and precipitated phases. Three novel alloys were selected for further experimental verification. These alloys with heterostructures containing few ferrites in martensitic matrix possess high yield strength (423 ∼ 523 MPa at room-temperature, 240 ∼ 297 MPa at 823 K) and excellent strain-hardening ability, where the strengthening mechanisms were also discussed. The corrosion measurements in LBE at 773 K for 1000 h indicated that these alloys with trace amount (<3 %) of ferrite, especially the Al-containing alloy (Fe-11.3Cr-0.26 V-0.13Ta-1.3 W-1.0Si-0.22C-0.2Al-0.4Mn), possess prominent corrosion-resistance (∼ 2 μm oxide scales), much better than the commercial EP823 (∼ 22 μm). Moreover, this alloy has outstanding creep-resistant property, where the rupture lifetime under the extreme condition of 923 K/90 MPa is more than twice that of EP823. The present work provides a new strategy to efficiently develop novel high-Cr/Si RAFM alloys for nuclear application.

{"title":"Developing novel high-Si 12 % Cr reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic cladding alloys via the cluster-formula approach and CALPHAD method","authors":"Sen Ge , Ben Niu , Zhenhua Wang , Qing Wang , Qianfu Pan , Chaohong Liu , Chuang Dong , Peter K. Liaw","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corrosion-resistance in lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant at elevated temperatures of traditional reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels could not meet the requirements for the application of fuel claddings. Here, we designed four series of high-Cr/Si RAFM alloys via the cluster-formula approach and CALPHAD method, in which the combinations among alloying elements were tuned to investigate their influences on the martensitic matrix and precipitated phases. Three novel alloys were selected for further experimental verification. These alloys with heterostructures containing few ferrites in martensitic matrix possess high yield strength (423 ∼ 523 MPa at room-temperature, 240 ∼ 297 MPa at 823 K) and excellent strain-hardening ability, where the strengthening mechanisms were also discussed. The corrosion measurements in LBE at 773 K for 1000 h indicated that these alloys with trace amount (<3 %) of ferrite, especially the Al-containing alloy (Fe-11.3Cr-0.26 V-0.13Ta-1.3 W-1.0Si-0.22C-0.2Al-0.4Mn), possess prominent corrosion-resistance (∼ 2 μm oxide scales), much better than the commercial EP823 (∼ 22 μm). Moreover, this alloy has outstanding creep-resistant property, where the rupture lifetime under the extreme condition of 923 K/90 MPa is more than twice that of EP823. The present work provides a new strategy to efficiently develop novel high-Cr/Si RAFM alloys for nuclear application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 113722"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In-situ neutron diffraction revealing microstructure changes during laser powder bed fusion and in-situ laser heat treatments of 316L and 316L-Al1

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113727

Claire Navarre , Shieren Sumarli , Florencia Malamud , Efthymios Polatidis , Markus Strobl , Roland E. Logé

The versatility and flexibility in laser-based layer-wise additive manufacturing processes allow for the fabrication of metallic parts with tailorable mechanical properties. Interest in microstructure control during the process has led to varying applications of laser post-exposure strategies. In this study, in-situ laser heat treatment (LHT) through subsequent laser rescanning on specific layers was performed on 316L and Al-added 316L. In-situ neutron diffraction was carried out in between the LHT steps to qualitatively assess the dislocation density within the probed volume, revealing the influence of process-induced thermal history on the recovery and recrystallization capabilities of these materials. In-situ neutron diffraction during in-situ LHT was realized by using a custom designed laser powder bed fusion system installed on the beamline. Post-mortem measurements followed by microstructural and mechanical analyses shed light on the extensive effect of the in-situ LHT on the final microstructure, validating its ability to promote recovery and recrystallization and, thus, tune the mechanical properties. While microstructural analysis permits observations at the microscopic level, it is destructive, and its local nature may limit reliability. In-situ non-destructive bulk characterization with neutron diffraction enables following the evolutionary process on larger scales, confirming the microstructure evolution phenomena within representative materials volume with greater statistics.

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical and fatigue performance of multidirectional functionally graded Ti6Al4V scaffolds produced via laser powder bed fusion for orthopedic implants

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113725

Ragul Gandhi , Mika Salmi , Björkstrand Roy , Lehto Pauli , Lorenzo Pagliari , Franco Concli

Orthopedic implants require porosity gradients to achieve tissue integration and mechanical support. This study presents a novel design of Multidirectional Functionally Graded (MDFG) porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds, fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) to mimic natural bone porosity for orthopedic applications. Four scaffold types were developed: Gyroid and Primitive (sheet-based TPMS) and Kelvin and Voronoi (strut-based lattices). A pore size of 1000 µm was maintained to promote tissue ingrowth, while strut thickness grading (0.3–0.7 mm) enhanced mechanical stability. Quasi-static compression tests showed Young’s moduli of 9.5 GPa (Gyroid) and 9.3 GPa (Primitive), with ultimate strengths of 240 MPa and 190 MPa, respectively. Energy absorption was 47.74 MJ/m³ for Gyroid and 46.68 MJ/m³ for Primitive, demonstrating excellent resistance to mechanical failure. Fatigue testing revealed that the Gyroid lattice sustained 25 MPa after one million cycles, highlighting its long-term durability. Fractographic analysis showed that fatigue cracks initiated at surface defects and propagated along strut intersections, providing insights into failure mechanisms. These findings confirm that MDFG scaffolds, particularly Gyroid and Primitive lattices, enhance mechanical robustness and biological compatibility, making them strong candidates for load-bearing orthopedic implants.

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